Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using ethyl acetate fraction of white frangipani leaves (Plumeria alba L.) and its application as antidandruff shampoo

Dian Riana Ningsih; Putri Caroline; Purwati Purwati; Zusfahair Zusfahair; Anung Riapanitra

doi:10.7324/JAPS.2025.230314

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Abstract

Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis are scalp conditions caused by the body’s natural microorganisms. Shampoo serves as an alternative solution by removing impurities and inhibiting microbial growth. The ethyl acetate fraction of white frangipani leaves (Plumeria alba L.) exhibits antibacterial properties due to its secondary metabolite compounds. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) possess antibacterial activity and are safe for use on human skin. This study aims to develop an antidandruff shampoo formulation by incorporating ZnO-NPs synthesized with ethyl acetate fraction. Processes involved include the extraction and fractionation, synthesis and characterization of ZnO-NPs, formulation and characterization of ZnO-NPs shampoo, and antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus aureus. Ethanol extract yield was 15.14%, n-hexane fraction was 15.11%, ethyl acetate fraction was 8.83%, and the ethanol fraction was 53.77%. The antibacterial activity test showed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest inhibition diameter at 1.81 ± 0.42 mm. Phytochemical tests revealed that the fraction contains polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. ZnO-NPs with optimal antibacterial activity were obtained using 0.15-M P. alba ZnO-NPs, which were then formulated and characterized into a nanoparticle shampoo. Based on the study, 0.15-M P. alba ZnO-NPs shampoo formulation effectively inhibited bacterial growth and demonstrated stability in the shampoo formulation.

Keyword: Ethyl acetate P. alba L. S. aureus Shampoo ZnO-NPs

Citation:

Ningsih DR, Caroline P, Purwati P, Zusfahair Z, Riapanitra A. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using ethyl acetate fraction of white frangipani leaves (Plumeria alba L.) and its application as antidandruff shampoo. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2025. Online First. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2025.230314

Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Reference

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10. Padamani E, Ngginak J, Lema AT. Analisis Kandungan Polifenol Pada Ekstrak Tunas Bambu Betung (Dendrocalamus asper). Bioma J Biol Dan Pembelajaran Biol. 2020;5(1):52-65. https://doi.org/10.32528/bioma.v5i1.3688
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16. Lumbantoruan P, Yulianti E. Pengaruh Suhu terhadap Viskositas Minyak Pelumas (Oli). J Sainmatika. 2016;13(2):26-34.
17. Anggoro AB, Wijaya EL, Elisa N. (Antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of white cambodian leaves (Plumeria alba L.) against 1,1-Diphenylpicrylhydrazine. J Ilm SAINS. 2022;22(2):111-7. https://doi.org/10.35799/jis.v22i2.43434
18. Anjaswati D, Pratimasari D, Nirwana AP. Perbandingan Rendemen Ekstrak Etanol, Fraksi n-Heksana, Etil Asetat, dan Air Daun Bit (Beta vulgaris L.) Menggunakan Fraksinasi Bertingkat. J Pharm Sci Technol. 2021;3(1):19-28.
19. Syarifuddin A, Wijayatri R, Kurniawan IF, Agusta HF. Penentuan Kurva Pertumbuhan dan Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Isolat Ekstrak Etil Asetat Bakteri (Te.325) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. J Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones. 2022;20(2):252-8. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1079
20. Rasmawati NL, Fatmawati NND. Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Kamboja (Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Secara in vitro. J Med Udayana. 2020;9(4):53-7.
21. Cahyadi J, Satriain GI, Gusman E, Weliyadi E, Sabri. Phytochemical screening of mangrove fruit extract (Sonneratia alba) as natural feed bioenrichment Artemia salina. J Borneo Saintek. 2018;1(3):33-9. https://doi.org/10.35334/harpodon.v12i1.920
22. Romadhan MF, Suyatma NE, Taqi FM. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by precipitation method with their antibacterial effect. Indones J Chem. 2016;16(2):117-23. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21153
23. Arifin FS, Nazriati. Biosintesis dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Seng Oksida (ZnO-NPs) Menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Kenitu (Chrysophyllum cainito L.). J Tek Kim USU. 2022;11(2):56-63. https://doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v11i2.9127
24. Yunita Y, Nurlina N, Syahbanu I. Sintesis nanopartikel zink oksida (ZnO) dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Klorofil sebagai Capping Agent. POSITRON. 2020;10(2):123-30. https://doi.org/10.26418/positron.v10i2.42136
25. Prasetya YA, Nisyak K, Hisbiyah A. Aktivitas antibakteri dan antibiofilm nanokomposit seng Oksida-Perak (ZnO-Ag) dengan Minyak Cengkeh terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bioteknol Biosains Indones. 2021;8(2):196-207. https://doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v8i2.4770
26. Osman DAM, Mustafa MA. Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide. J Nanosci Nanoeng. 2015;1(4):248-51.
27. Saragi T, Purba YR, Auffa S, Oktaviani M, Susilawati T, Risdiana, et al. Karakteristik Nanopartikel ZNO: Studi Efek Pelarut Pada Proses Hidrothermal. J Mater Dan Energi Indones. 2016;6(1):35-8. https://doi.org/10.24198/jmei.v6i01.9366
28. Eskani IN, Laela E, Haerudin A, Setiawan J, Lestari DW, Isnaini, et al. Aplikasi Nano Partikel ZnO Secara Insitu Untuk Fungsionalisasi Antibakteri Pada Kain Batik. Din Kerajinan Dan Batik Maj Ilm. 2021;38(2):217-26.
29. Putri IE, Suyatma NE, Kusumaningrum HD. Film Edibel Antibakteri Berbasis Isolat Protein Kedelai Dengan Ekstrak Kunyit Dan Nanopartikel Seng Oksida. J Teknol dan Ind Pangan. 2018;29(1):85-92. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2018.29.1.85
30. Sari KAI, Gunawan IWG, Putra KGD. Kapasitas Antioksidan Senyawa Golongan Triterpenoid Pada Daun Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii lesch benn). J Kim. 2015;9(1):61-6.
31. Atmoko DP, Marliana E, Erwin. Isolasi Dan Karakterisasi Senyawa Terpenoid Dari Daun Macaranga beccariana Merr. J Kim Mulawarman. 2018;18(1):22-6. https://doi.org/10.30872/jkm.v16i1.670
32. Demissie MG, Sabir FK, Edossa GD, Gonfa BA. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Lippia adoensis (Koseret) and evaluation of its antibacterial activity. J Chem. 2020;2020:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7459042
33. Vijayakumar S, Vaseeharan B, Malaikozhundan B, Shobiya M. Laurus nobilis leaf extract mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: characterization and biomedical applications. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;84(2016):1213-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.038
34. Darvishi E, Kahrizi D, Arkan E. Comparison of different properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the green (using Juglans regia L. leaf extract) and chemical methods. J Mol Liq. 2019 Jul;286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.108
35. Dallatu YA, Shallangwa GA, Africa SN. Synthesis and growth of spherical ZnO nanoparticles using different amount of plant extract; characterization and morphology of structures. J Appl Sci Environ Manag. 2020;24(12):2147-51. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i12.21
36. Tan C, Chen J, Wu XJ, Zhang H. Epitaxial growth of hybrid nanostructures. Nat Rev Mater. 2018;3:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.89
37. Mahataranti N, Astuti IY, Asriningdhiani B. Formulasi shampo antiketombe Ekstrak Etanol Seledri (Apium graveolens L) dan Aktivitasnya Terhadap Jamur Pityrosporum ovale. J Pharm. 2012;9(2):128-38.
38. Puspitaningrum R, Fajriati I. Pengaruh Komposisi Sodium Lauryl Sulfat dalam Deterjen Kaolin Terhadap Mikroorganisme Pada Air Liur Anjing. Anal Environ Chem. 2022;7(1):21-34. https://doi.org/10.23960/aec.v7i1.2022.p21-34
39. Gunawan A. Optimasi Formula Sampo Ekstrak Lapisan Putih Kulit Buah Semangka (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad) Dengan Kombinasi Hpmc Dan Sarkosyl Serta Uji Aktivitasnya Pada Jamur Pityrosporum ovale. J Kesehat Tujuh Belas (Jurkes TB). 2020;1(2):105-23.
40. Tjiang WM, Diah NP, Dewi K, Agus P, Prayoga A, Putu D, et al. Analisis Kualitatif Dan Kuantitatif Kandungan Paraben Dalam Kosmetik Hand Body Lotion. Indones J Leg Forensic Sci. 2019;9(2):89-96.
41. Taufoqurrrahman M, Pijaryani I. Uji Mutu Fisik Formula Sampo Ekstrak Kulit Markisa (Passiflora edulis) Sebagai Antiketombe. J Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2023;4(1):224-8.

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Ningsih D R [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]

Caroline P [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]

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By article title

1. Mas-Ud AM, Ali RM, Hasan ZSM, Islam AM, Hasan FM, Islam AM, et al. Molecular detection and biological control of human hair dandruff causing microorganism Staphylococcus aureus. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14(1):147-56. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.1.16

2. Sari NKY, Sumadewi NLU, Deswiniyanti NW, Putra DGIP. Efektivitas anti fungi Ekstrak Bunga Kamboja Putih (Plumeria acuminata) Menghambat Pertumbuhan Candida albicans. J Media Sains. 2020;4(1):21-4. https://doi.org/10.36002/jms.v4i1.1131

3. Ningsih DR, Purwati P, Zusfahair Z, Nurdin A. Potensi Ekstrak Daun Kamboja (Plumeria alba L.) Sebagai Antibakteri dan Identifikasi Golongan Senyawa Bioaktifnya. Molekul. 2014;9(11):101-9. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2014.9.2.156

4. Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A, Kaus NHM, Ann LC, Bakhori SKM, et al. Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-Micro Lett. 2015;7(3):219-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x

5. Hussain I, Singh NB, Singh A, Singh H, Singh SC. Green synthesis of nanoparticles and its potential application. Biotechnol Lett. 2016;38(4):545-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-015-2026-7

6. Mirzaei H, Darroudi M. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: biological synthesis and biomedical applications. Ceram Int. 2017;43(1):907-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.10.051

7. Kolodziejczak-Radzimska A, Jesionowski T. Zinc oxide from synthesis to application: a review. Materials (Basel). 2014;7(4):2833-81. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7042833

8. Islam F, Shohag S, Uddin MJ, Islam MR, Nafady MH, Akter A, et al. Exploring the journey of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) toward biomedical applications. Materials (Basel). 2022;15(6):1-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062160

9. Wardhani LK, Sulistyani N. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Binahong (Anredera scandens (L.) Moq.) Terhadap Shigella flexneri Beserta Profil Kromatografi Lapis Tipis. J Ilm Kefarmasian. 2012;2(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v2i1.636

10. Padamani E, Ngginak J, Lema AT. Analisis Kandungan Polifenol Pada Ekstrak Tunas Bambu Betung (Dendrocalamus asper). Bioma J Biol Dan Pembelajaran Biol. 2020;5(1):52-65. https://doi.org/10.32528/bioma.v5i1.3688

11. Lestari D, Fitriani D, Anngraeni S. Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Etil Asetat dan n-Heksana dari Daun Mangga Kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.). KOVALEN J Ris Kim. 2021;7(3):227-33. https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2021.v7.i3.15599

12. Sulistyarini I, Sari A, Tony D, Wicaksono A. Skrining Fitokimia Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Batang Buah Naga (Hylocereus polyrhizus). J Ilm Cendekia Eksakta. 2020;5(1):56-62.

13. Malonda TC, Yamlean PVY, Citraningtyas G. Formulasi Sediaan Sampo Antiketombe Ekstrak Daun Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina L. ) dan Uji Aktivitasnya Terhadap Jamur Candida albicans ATCC 10231 Secara In Vitro. Pharmacon J Ilm Farm. 2017;6(4):97-109.

14. Suryani A, Sailah I, Hambali E. Teknologi Emulsi. Bogor, Indonesia: IPB; 2002.

15. Annisanur A, Musfiroh I. Evaluation of shampoo by quality control: review. Indones J Pharm. 2022;4(2):267-76.

16. Lumbantoruan P, Yulianti E. Pengaruh Suhu terhadap Viskositas Minyak Pelumas (Oli). J Sainmatika. 2016;13(2):26-34.

17. Anggoro AB, Wijaya EL, Elisa N. (Antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of white cambodian leaves (Plumeria alba L.) against 1,1-Diphenylpicrylhydrazine. J Ilm SAINS. 2022;22(2):111-7. https://doi.org/10.35799/jis.v22i2.43434

18. Anjaswati D, Pratimasari D, Nirwana AP. Perbandingan Rendemen Ekstrak Etanol, Fraksi n-Heksana, Etil Asetat, dan Air Daun Bit (Beta vulgaris L.) Menggunakan Fraksinasi Bertingkat. J Pharm Sci Technol. 2021;3(1):19-28.

19. Syarifuddin A, Wijayatri R, Kurniawan IF, Agusta HF. Penentuan Kurva Pertumbuhan dan Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Isolat Ekstrak Etil Asetat Bakteri (Te.325) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. J Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones. 2022;20(2):252-8. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1079

20. Rasmawati NL, Fatmawati NND. Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Kamboja (Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Secara in vitro. J Med Udayana. 2020;9(4):53-7.

21. Cahyadi J, Satriain GI, Gusman E, Weliyadi E, Sabri. Phytochemical screening of mangrove fruit extract (Sonneratia alba) as natural feed bioenrichment Artemia salina. J Borneo Saintek. 2018;1(3):33-9. https://doi.org/10.35334/harpodon.v12i1.920

22. Romadhan MF, Suyatma NE, Taqi FM. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by precipitation method with their antibacterial effect. Indones J Chem. 2016;16(2):117-23. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21153

23. Arifin FS, Nazriati. Biosintesis dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Seng Oksida (ZnO-NPs) Menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Kenitu (Chrysophyllum cainito L.). J Tek Kim USU. 2022;11(2):56-63. https://doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v11i2.9127

24. Yunita Y, Nurlina N, Syahbanu I. Sintesis nanopartikel zink oksida (ZnO) dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Klorofil sebagai Capping Agent. POSITRON. 2020;10(2):123-30. https://doi.org/10.26418/positron.v10i2.42136

25. Prasetya YA, Nisyak K, Hisbiyah A. Aktivitas antibakteri dan antibiofilm nanokomposit seng Oksida-Perak (ZnO-Ag) dengan Minyak Cengkeh terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bioteknol Biosains Indones. 2021;8(2):196-207. https://doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v8i2.4770

26. Osman DAM, Mustafa MA. Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide. J Nanosci Nanoeng. 2015;1(4):248-51.

27. Saragi T, Purba YR, Auffa S, Oktaviani M, Susilawati T, Risdiana, et al. Karakteristik Nanopartikel ZNO: Studi Efek Pelarut Pada Proses Hidrothermal. J Mater Dan Energi Indones. 2016;6(1):35-8. https://doi.org/10.24198/jmei.v6i01.9366

28. Eskani IN, Laela E, Haerudin A, Setiawan J, Lestari DW, Isnaini, et al. Aplikasi Nano Partikel ZnO Secara Insitu Untuk Fungsionalisasi Antibakteri Pada Kain Batik. Din Kerajinan Dan Batik Maj Ilm. 2021;38(2):217-26.

29. Putri IE, Suyatma NE, Kusumaningrum HD. Film Edibel Antibakteri Berbasis Isolat Protein Kedelai Dengan Ekstrak Kunyit Dan Nanopartikel Seng Oksida. J Teknol dan Ind Pangan. 2018;29(1):85-92. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2018.29.1.85

30. Sari KAI, Gunawan IWG, Putra KGD. Kapasitas Antioksidan Senyawa Golongan Triterpenoid Pada Daun Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii lesch benn). J Kim. 2015;9(1):61-6.

31. Atmoko DP, Marliana E, Erwin. Isolasi Dan Karakterisasi Senyawa Terpenoid Dari Daun Macaranga beccariana Merr. J Kim Mulawarman. 2018;18(1):22-6. https://doi.org/10.30872/jkm.v16i1.670

32. Demissie MG, Sabir FK, Edossa GD, Gonfa BA. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Lippia adoensis (Koseret) and evaluation of its antibacterial activity. J Chem. 2020;2020:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7459042

33. Vijayakumar S, Vaseeharan B, Malaikozhundan B, Shobiya M. Laurus nobilis leaf extract mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: characterization and biomedical applications. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;84(2016):1213-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.038

34. Darvishi E, Kahrizi D, Arkan E. Comparison of different properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the green (using Juglans regia L. leaf extract) and chemical methods. J Mol Liq. 2019 Jul;286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.108

35. Dallatu YA, Shallangwa GA, Africa SN. Synthesis and growth of spherical ZnO nanoparticles using different amount of plant extract; characterization and morphology of structures. J Appl Sci Environ Manag. 2020;24(12):2147-51. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i12.21

36. Tan C, Chen J, Wu XJ, Zhang H. Epitaxial growth of hybrid nanostructures. Nat Rev Mater. 2018;3:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.89

37. Mahataranti N, Astuti IY, Asriningdhiani B. Formulasi shampo antiketombe Ekstrak Etanol Seledri (Apium graveolens L) dan Aktivitasnya Terhadap Jamur Pityrosporum ovale. J Pharm. 2012;9(2):128-38.

38. Puspitaningrum R, Fajriati I. Pengaruh Komposisi Sodium Lauryl Sulfat dalam Deterjen Kaolin Terhadap Mikroorganisme Pada Air Liur Anjing. Anal Environ Chem. 2022;7(1):21-34. https://doi.org/10.23960/aec.v7i1.2022.p21-34

39. Gunawan A. Optimasi Formula Sampo Ekstrak Lapisan Putih Kulit Buah Semangka (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad) Dengan Kombinasi Hpmc Dan Sarkosyl Serta Uji Aktivitasnya Pada Jamur Pityrosporum ovale. J Kesehat Tujuh Belas (Jurkes TB). 2020;1(2):105-23.

40. Tjiang WM, Diah NP, Dewi K, Agus P, Prayoga A, Putu D, et al. Analisis Kualitatif Dan Kuantitatif Kandungan Paraben Dalam Kosmetik Hand Body Lotion. Indones J Leg Forensic Sci. 2019;9(2):89-96.

41. Taufoqurrrahman M, Pijaryani I. Uji Mutu Fisik Formula Sampo Ekstrak Kulit Markisa (Passiflora edulis) Sebagai Antiketombe. J Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2023;4(1):224-8.