A review of medicinal, chemical, and pharmacological properties of Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. (Vitaceae family)

Alfred Maroyi

doi:10.7324/JAPS.2025.208642

Abstract References Article Metrics Similar Articles Request Permission Related Search Citation Alert By Google Scholar Comment On This Article

Abstract

Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. is a scandent shrub used as food and traditional medicine in tropical Africa. The present review compiles existing information on the medicinal uses, chemical, and pharmacological properties of C. cornifolia. Literature searches on the traditional, medicinal, phytochemistry, and biological activities of C. cornifolia were conducted using online databases which included Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus®, SpringerLink®, ScienceDirect®, SciELO, and PubMed®, as well as using pre-electronic literature sources obtained from the university library. The current study showed that fruits, bark, leaf sap, leaves, root bark, roots, rootstock, stem bark, and twigs of C. cornifolia are used against 33 human and animal ailments and diseases. The chemical evaluation of the plant revealed that it contains alkaloids, alkanes, methyl esters, steroids, triterpenoids, organo heterosilane, prenylated benzo-lactone, cardiac glycosides, catechol, coumarins, flavonoids, fatty acids, phenolics, dicarboxylic acid, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. Ethnopharmacological evaluations showed that the crude extracts and chemical compounds isolated from the species have antifungal, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, anti-diabetic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, central nervous system depressant, nematicidal and neuropharmacological activities. Detailed studies focusing on toxicological evaluations, in vivo studies, and clinical assessments aimed at corroborating the documented traditional medical uses of C. cornifolia are recommended.

Keyword: Cissus cornifolia grape materia medica traditional medicine tropical Africa Vitaceae

Citation:

Maroyi A. A review of medicinal, chemical, and pharmacological properties of Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. (Vitaceae family). J Appl Pharm Sci. 2024. Online First. http://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2025.208642

Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

HTML Full Text

Reference

1. Christenhusz MJM, Byng JW. The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa. 2016;261:201-17. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
2. Wen J, Lu LM, Nie ZL, Liu XQ, Zhang N, Ickert-Bond S, et al. A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae). J Syst Evol. 2028;56:262-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12427
3. Bates J. Vitis sp., Vitaceae and viticulture in the Indus Civilization, South Asia ca. 3200-1500 BC: a critical review. Veg Hist Archaeobot. 2022;31:205-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-021-00842-1
4. Wen J, Lu LM, Boggan JK. Diversity and evolution of Vitaceae in the Philippines. Philippine J Sci. 2013;142:223-44.
5. Rodrigues JG, Lombardi JA, Lovato MB. Phylogeny of Cissus (Vitaceae) focusing on South American species. Taxon. 2014;63(2):287-98. https://doi.org/10.12705/632.33
6. Latiff A. Studies in Malesian Vitaceae XV1II: revision of Cissus L. Malayan Nature J. 2022;74(1):89-107.
7. Jackes BR, Trias-Blasi A. Apocissus Jackes & Trias-Blasi, a new genus in the Vitaceae. Austrobail. 2023;13:94-104.
8. Ansarali S, Manikandan S, Lakshmanan GG. Review on phytochemical and pharmacological activities of the genus Cissus Linn. Int J Pharmaceut Res. 2016;8(4):1-7.
9. Fernandes G, Banu J. Medicinal properties of plants from the genus Cissus: a review. J Med Plants Res. 2012;6(16):3080-6. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.1637
10. Joshi R, Saini P, Nathawat RS, Patni V. Micropropagation studies on genus Cissus: a review. In: Pullaiah T, editor. Micropropagation of medicinal plants 2. Karachi, India: Bentham Science Publishers; 2024. pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815238303124020003
11. Burkill HM. The useful plants of West tropical Africa. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanical Garden, Kew; 2000.
12. Mothogoane MS. Cissus quadrangularis L.; 2022 [cited 2024 Jan 21]. Available from: https://pza.sanbi.org/cissus-quadrangularis#
13. Brown RW. Composition of scientific words. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; 1956.
14. Wild H, Drummond RB. Vitaceae. In: Exell AW, Fernandes A, Wild H, editors. Flora Zambesiaca volume 2 part 2. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; 1966. pp. 353-653.
15. Hedberg I, Edwards S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University; 1990. Vol. 3.
16. Verdcourt B. Vitaceae: flora of tropical East Africa. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: AA Balkema; 1993.
17. Akoègninou A, Van der Burg WJ, Van der Maesen LJG. Flore analytique du Bénin. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers; 2006.
18. Brundu G, Camarda I. The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys. 2023;23:1-18. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752
19. Darbyshire I, Kordofani M, Farag I, Candiga R, Pickering H. The plants of Sudan and South Sudan. Richmond, UK: Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; 2015.
20. Burrows JE, Burrows SM, Lötter MC, Schmidt E. Trees and shrubs Mozambique. Cape Town, South Africa: Publishing Print Matters (Pty); 2018.
21. Gosline G, Bidault E, Van der Burgt X, Cahen D, Challen G, Condé N, et al. A taxonomically-verified and vouchered checklist of the vascular plants of the Republic of Guinea. Sci Data. 2023;10:327. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02236-6
22. Palgrave MC. Keith Coates Palgrave trees of southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers; 2002.
23. Hyde MA, Wursten BT, Ballings P, Palgrave MC. Flora of Zimbabwe: species information: Cissus cornifolia; 2024. [cited 2024 June 6]. Available from: https://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=137870
24. Germishuizen G, Meyer NL. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Pretoria, South Africa: National Biodiversity Institute, Strelitzia; 2003.
25. Ruffo CK, Birnie A, Tengnäs B. Edible wild plants of Tanzania. Nairobi, Kenya: Regional Land Management Unit (RELMA), Technical Handbook Series 27; 2002.
26. Wild H, Mavi S, Biegel SM. A southern Rhodesia botanical dictionary of native and English plant names. Salisbury, Zimbabwe: Government Printer; 1972.
27. Williamson J. Useful plants of Malawi. Zomba, Malawi: University of Malawi; 1974.
28. Asfaw Z, Tadesse M. Prospects for sustainable use and development of wild food plants in Ethiopia. Econ Bot. 2001;55(1):47-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02864545
29. Morris B. Wildlife and landscapes in Malawi: selected essays on natural history. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing; 2009
30. Lulekal E, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E, Van Damme P. Wild edible plants in Ethiopia: a review on their potential to combat food insecurity. Afr Focus. 2011;24(2):71-121. https://doi.org/10.21825/af.v24i2.4998
31. Dowo GM, Kativu S, Garine-Witchatitsky MD. Assessing plant utilisation by communities bordering a protected area in Zimbabwe using utilitarian diversity metrics. Trans Royal Soc South Afr. 2024;79(1):87-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2024.2326101
32. Awas T, Asfaw Z, Nordal I, Demissew S. Ethnobotany of Berta and Gumuz people in western Ethiopia. Biodiv. 2010;11(3):45-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2010.9712663
33. Raimondo D, Von Staden L, Foden W, Victor JE, Helme NA, Turner RC, et al. Red list of South African plants. Pretoria, South Africa: Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute; 2009.
34. Chhabra SC, Mahunnah RLA, Mshiu EN. Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 1993;39:83-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90024-Y
35. Moshi MJ, Mbwambo ZH, Nondo RSO, Masimba PJ, Kamuhabwa A, Kapingu MC, et al. Evaluation of ethnomedical claims and brine shrimp toxicity of some plants used in Tanzania as traditional medicines. Afr J Trad Compl Alt Med. 2006;3(3):48-58. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v4i2.31211
36. Mongalo NI, Makhafola TJ. Ethnobotanical knowledge of the lay people of Blouberg area (Pedi tribe), Limpopo province, South Africa. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0245-4
37. Maliwichi Nyirenda CP, Maliwichi LL. Medicinal plants used to induce labour and traditional techniques used in determination of onset of labour in pregnant women in Malawi: a case study of Mulanje district. J Med Plants Res. 2010;4(24):2609-14.
38. Meke GS, Mumba RFE, Bwanali RJ, Williams VL. The trade and marketing of traditional medicines in southern and central Malawi. Int J Sustain Develop World Ecol. 2017;24(1):73-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2016.1171261
39. Arnold TH, Prentice CA, Hawker LC, Snyman EE, Tomalin M, Crouch NR, et al. Medicinal and magical plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Pretoria, South Africa: National Botanical Institute, Strelitzia 13; 2002.
40. Chipiti T, Ibrahim MA, Koorbanally NA, Islam S. In vitro antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Splanch (Vitaceae) parts. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceut Drug Res. 2025;72(1):119-27.
41. Ruffo CK. A survey of medicinal plants in Tabora region, Tanzania. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Traditional Medicinal Plants, Arusha, Tanzania, 18-23 February 1990. Arusha, Tanzania: pp. 155-68.
42. Yaro AH, Musa AM, Ya’u J, Nazifi AB. Anticonvulsant properties of methanol root bark extract of Cissus cornifolia Planch (Vitaceae) in mice and chicks. Biol Environ Sci J Trop. 2015;12(1):634-9.
43. Yaro AH, Musa AM, Magaji MG, Nazifi AB. Anticonvulsant potentials of methanol leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia Planch (Vitaceae) in mice and chicks. Int J Herbs Pharmacol Res. 2015;4(2):25-32. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2015.4402
44. Jimoh A, Tanko Y, Mohammed A. Anti-diabetic effect of methanolic leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic in wistar rats. Annals Biol Res. 2013;4(3):46-54.
45. Okoye TC, Uzor PF, Onyeto CA, Okereke EK. Safe African medicinal plants for clinical studies. In: Kuete V, editor. Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants. London, UK: Elsevier; 2014. pp. 535-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800018-2.00018-2
46. Chipiti T, Ibrahim MA, Singh M, Islam MS. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities of extracts from Cissus cornifolia Planch parts. Pharmacog Mag. 2017;13:329-33. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_223_16
47. Conde P, Figueiro R, Saraiva S, Catarino L, Romeiros M, Duarte MC. The botanic mission to Mozambique (1942-1948): contributions to knowledge of the medicinal flora of Mozambique: The medicinal flora of Mozambique. Hist Ciênc Saúde Manguinhos Rio Janeiro. 2014;21(2):1-49. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702014000200007
48. Gelfand M, Drummond RB, Mavi S, Ndemera B. The traditional medical practitioner in Zimbabwe: His principles of practice and pharmacopoeia. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press; 1985.
49. Borquaye LS, Laryea MK, Gasu EN, Boateng MA, Baffour PK, Kyeremateng A, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of extracts of Reissantia indica, Cissus cornifolia and Grosseria vignei. Cogent Biol. 2020;6(1):1785755. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1785755
50. Dalziel JM. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. London, UK: The Crown Agents for the Colonies; 1948.
51. Jimoh A, Tanko Y, Mohammed A. Modulatory role of methanolic leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia on blood glucose levels of normoglycemic wistar rats. European J Exp Biol. 2013;3(1):22-7.
52. Hedberg I, Staugård F. Traditional medicine in Botswana: traditional medicinal plants. Gaborone, Botswana: Ipeleng Publishers; 1989
53. Mwafongo E, I Nordal, Z Magombo, B Stedje. Ethnobotanical study of Hyacinthaceae and non-hyacinthaceous geophytes in selected districts of Malawi. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2010;8:75-93. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.8.0.75-93
54. Van Wyk BE, Gericke N. People’s plants: a guide to useful plants of southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Briza Publications; 2018.
55. Wild H, Gelfand M. Some native herbal remedies at present in use in Mashonaland. Central Afr J Med. 1959;5:292-305.
56. Ribeiro A, Romeiras MM, Tavares J, Faria MT. Ethnobotanical survey in Canhane village, district of Massingir, Mozambique: medicinal plants and traditional knowledge. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-6-33
57. Masters ET. Medicinal plants of the upper Aswa River catchment of northern Uganda: a cultural crossroads. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2023;19:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00620-5
58. Masumbu FFF, Mwamatope B, Tembo D, Mwakikunga A, Kamanula J. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants claimed by traditional herbal practitioners to manage cancers in Malawi. J Herbal Med. 2023;42:100796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100796
59. Mongalo NI, Raletsena MV, Munyai R. In vitro pharmacological activity, and comparison GC-ToF-MS profiling of extracts from Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. Life. 2023;13:728. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030728
60. Musa AM, Tajuddeen N, Idris AY, Rafindadi AY, Abdullahi MI, Aliyu AB, et al. A new antimicrobial prenylated benzo-lactone from the rhizome of Cissus cornifolia. Phcog Res 2015;7:363-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.159572
61. Musa AM, Yaro AH, Usman H, Magaji MG, Habu M. Phytochemical and some neuropharmacological studies on the methanolic leaf extracts of Cissus cornifolia [Vitaceae] in mice. Int J Pharmacol. 2008;4(2):145-8. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2008.145.148
62. Tanko Y, Kadiri OT, Mohammed A, Mahdi MA, Musa KY. Preliminary antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol extract of Cissus cornifolia (Bak.) Planch on experimental animals. Ann Biol Res. 2011;2(4):229-37.
63. Atiku I, Musa AM, Sule MI. Isolation of stigmasterol from methanolic extract of Cissus cornifolia Baker (Planch). Nigerian J Pharmaceut Sci. 2013;12(1):1-4.
64. Atiku I, Musa AM, Sani YM, Hanwa UA, Abdullahi SM, Sule MI. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of the crude methanolic extract of the leaf of Cissus cornifolia Baker (Planch) (family: Vitaceae). Asian J Pharmaceut Res Develop. 2013;1(6):79-83.
65. Yaro AH, Musa AM, Ya’u J, Nazifi AB, Garba K. Central nervous system depressant effects of fractions of methanol leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. Pak J Pharm. Sci. 2019;32(2):563-8.
66. Nyoni M, Muzemu S, Chinheya C, Mushayabasa T, Ncube B. Screening indigenous nematicidal plants in Zimbabwe against Meloidogyne javanica. Paper Presented at a Conference Held on the 14^th-16^th July 2015, Elephant Hills Resort, Victoria Fallls, Zimbabwe.
67. Yaro AH, Anuka JA, Salawu OA, Hussaini IM, Usman H, Musa AM. Comparative neuropharmacological activities methanolic extracts of leaves and roots of Cissus cornifolia in mice. Afr J Biomed Res. 2009;12(3):219-23.
68. Yaro AH, Muhammad MA, Nazifi AB, Garba MM. Butanol soluble fractions of Cissus cornifolia methanolic leaf extract and behavioural effects in mice. J Phytopharm. 2015;4(4):202-6. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2015.4402

Article Metrics

52 Views 20 Downloads 72 Total

Year

Month

Related Search

By author names

Maroyi A [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]

By article title

1. Christenhusz MJM, Byng JW. The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa. 2016;261:201-17. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1

2. Wen J, Lu LM, Nie ZL, Liu XQ, Zhang N, Ickert-Bond S, et al. A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae). J Syst Evol. 2028;56:262-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12427

3. Bates J. Vitis sp., Vitaceae and viticulture in the Indus Civilization, South Asia ca. 3200-1500 BC: a critical review. Veg Hist Archaeobot. 2022;31:205-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-021-00842-1

4. Wen J, Lu LM, Boggan JK. Diversity and evolution of Vitaceae in the Philippines. Philippine J Sci. 2013;142:223-44.

5. Rodrigues JG, Lombardi JA, Lovato MB. Phylogeny of Cissus (Vitaceae) focusing on South American species. Taxon. 2014;63(2):287-98. https://doi.org/10.12705/632.33

6. Latiff A. Studies in Malesian Vitaceae XV1II: revision of Cissus L. Malayan Nature J. 2022;74(1):89-107.

7. Jackes BR, Trias-Blasi A. Apocissus Jackes & Trias-Blasi, a new genus in the Vitaceae. Austrobail. 2023;13:94-104.

8. Ansarali S, Manikandan S, Lakshmanan GG. Review on phytochemical and pharmacological activities of the genus Cissus Linn. Int J Pharmaceut Res. 2016;8(4):1-7.

9. Fernandes G, Banu J. Medicinal properties of plants from the genus Cissus: a review. J Med Plants Res. 2012;6(16):3080-6. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.1637

10. Joshi R, Saini P, Nathawat RS, Patni V. Micropropagation studies on genus Cissus: a review. In: Pullaiah T, editor. Micropropagation of medicinal plants 2. Karachi, India: Bentham Science Publishers; 2024. pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815238303124020003

11. Burkill HM. The useful plants of West tropical Africa. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanical Garden, Kew; 2000.

12. Mothogoane MS. Cissus quadrangularis L.; 2022 [cited 2024 Jan 21]. Available from: https://pza.sanbi.org/cissus-quadrangularis#

13. Brown RW. Composition of scientific words. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; 1956.

14. Wild H, Drummond RB. Vitaceae. In: Exell AW, Fernandes A, Wild H, editors. Flora Zambesiaca volume 2 part 2. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; 1966. pp. 353-653.

15. Hedberg I, Edwards S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University; 1990. Vol. 3.

16. Verdcourt B. Vitaceae: flora of tropical East Africa. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: AA Balkema; 1993.

17. Akoègninou A, Van der Burg WJ, Van der Maesen LJG. Flore analytique du Bénin. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers; 2006.

18. Brundu G, Camarda I. The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys. 2023;23:1-18. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752

19. Darbyshire I, Kordofani M, Farag I, Candiga R, Pickering H. The plants of Sudan and South Sudan. Richmond, UK: Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; 2015.

20. Burrows JE, Burrows SM, Lötter MC, Schmidt E. Trees and shrubs Mozambique. Cape Town, South Africa: Publishing Print Matters (Pty); 2018.

21. Gosline G, Bidault E, Van der Burgt X, Cahen D, Challen G, Condé N, et al. A taxonomically-verified and vouchered checklist of the vascular plants of the Republic of Guinea. Sci Data. 2023;10:327. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02236-6

22. Palgrave MC. Keith Coates Palgrave trees of southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers; 2002.

23. Hyde MA, Wursten BT, Ballings P, Palgrave MC. Flora of Zimbabwe: species information: Cissus cornifolia; 2024. [cited 2024 June 6]. Available from: https://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=137870

24. Germishuizen G, Meyer NL. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Pretoria, South Africa: National Biodiversity Institute, Strelitzia; 2003.

25. Ruffo CK, Birnie A, Tengnäs B. Edible wild plants of Tanzania. Nairobi, Kenya: Regional Land Management Unit (RELMA), Technical Handbook Series 27; 2002.

26. Wild H, Mavi S, Biegel SM. A southern Rhodesia botanical dictionary of native and English plant names. Salisbury, Zimbabwe: Government Printer; 1972.

27. Williamson J. Useful plants of Malawi. Zomba, Malawi: University of Malawi; 1974.

28. Asfaw Z, Tadesse M. Prospects for sustainable use and development of wild food plants in Ethiopia. Econ Bot. 2001;55(1):47-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02864545

29. Morris B. Wildlife and landscapes in Malawi: selected essays on natural history. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing; 2009

30. Lulekal E, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E, Van Damme P. Wild edible plants in Ethiopia: a review on their potential to combat food insecurity. Afr Focus. 2011;24(2):71-121. https://doi.org/10.21825/af.v24i2.4998

31. Dowo GM, Kativu S, Garine-Witchatitsky MD. Assessing plant utilisation by communities bordering a protected area in Zimbabwe using utilitarian diversity metrics. Trans Royal Soc South Afr. 2024;79(1):87-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2024.2326101

32. Awas T, Asfaw Z, Nordal I, Demissew S. Ethnobotany of Berta and Gumuz people in western Ethiopia. Biodiv. 2010;11(3):45-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2010.9712663

33. Raimondo D, Von Staden L, Foden W, Victor JE, Helme NA, Turner RC, et al. Red list of South African plants. Pretoria, South Africa: Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute; 2009.

34. Chhabra SC, Mahunnah RLA, Mshiu EN. Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 1993;39:83-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90024-Y

35. Moshi MJ, Mbwambo ZH, Nondo RSO, Masimba PJ, Kamuhabwa A, Kapingu MC, et al. Evaluation of ethnomedical claims and brine shrimp toxicity of some plants used in Tanzania as traditional medicines. Afr J Trad Compl Alt Med. 2006;3(3):48-58. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v4i2.31211

36. Mongalo NI, Makhafola TJ. Ethnobotanical knowledge of the lay people of Blouberg area (Pedi tribe), Limpopo province, South Africa. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0245-4

37. Maliwichi Nyirenda CP, Maliwichi LL. Medicinal plants used to induce labour and traditional techniques used in determination of onset of labour in pregnant women in Malawi: a case study of Mulanje district. J Med Plants Res. 2010;4(24):2609-14.

38. Meke GS, Mumba RFE, Bwanali RJ, Williams VL. The trade and marketing of traditional medicines in southern and central Malawi. Int J Sustain Develop World Ecol. 2017;24(1):73-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2016.1171261

39. Arnold TH, Prentice CA, Hawker LC, Snyman EE, Tomalin M, Crouch NR, et al. Medicinal and magical plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Pretoria, South Africa: National Botanical Institute, Strelitzia 13; 2002.

40. Chipiti T, Ibrahim MA, Koorbanally NA, Islam S. In vitro antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Splanch (Vitaceae) parts. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceut Drug Res. 2025;72(1):119-27.

41. Ruffo CK. A survey of medicinal plants in Tabora region, Tanzania. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Traditional Medicinal Plants, Arusha, Tanzania, 18-23 February 1990. Arusha, Tanzania: pp. 155-68.

42. Yaro AH, Musa AM, Ya’u J, Nazifi AB. Anticonvulsant properties of methanol root bark extract of Cissus cornifolia Planch (Vitaceae) in mice and chicks. Biol Environ Sci J Trop. 2015;12(1):634-9.

43. Yaro AH, Musa AM, Magaji MG, Nazifi AB. Anticonvulsant potentials of methanol leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia Planch (Vitaceae) in mice and chicks. Int J Herbs Pharmacol Res. 2015;4(2):25-32. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2015.4402

44. Jimoh A, Tanko Y, Mohammed A. Anti-diabetic effect of methanolic leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic in wistar rats. Annals Biol Res. 2013;4(3):46-54.

45. Okoye TC, Uzor PF, Onyeto CA, Okereke EK. Safe African medicinal plants for clinical studies. In: Kuete V, editor. Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants. London, UK: Elsevier; 2014. pp. 535-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800018-2.00018-2

46. Chipiti T, Ibrahim MA, Singh M, Islam MS. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities of extracts from Cissus cornifolia Planch parts. Pharmacog Mag. 2017;13:329-33. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_223_16

47. Conde P, Figueiro R, Saraiva S, Catarino L, Romeiros M, Duarte MC. The botanic mission to Mozambique (1942-1948): contributions to knowledge of the medicinal flora of Mozambique: The medicinal flora of Mozambique. Hist Ciênc Saúde Manguinhos Rio Janeiro. 2014;21(2):1-49. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702014000200007

48. Gelfand M, Drummond RB, Mavi S, Ndemera B. The traditional medical practitioner in Zimbabwe: His principles of practice and pharmacopoeia. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press; 1985.

49. Borquaye LS, Laryea MK, Gasu EN, Boateng MA, Baffour PK, Kyeremateng A, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of extracts of Reissantia indica, Cissus cornifolia and Grosseria vignei. Cogent Biol. 2020;6(1):1785755. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1785755

50. Dalziel JM. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. London, UK: The Crown Agents for the Colonies; 1948.

51. Jimoh A, Tanko Y, Mohammed A. Modulatory role of methanolic leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia on blood glucose levels of normoglycemic wistar rats. European J Exp Biol. 2013;3(1):22-7.

52. Hedberg I, Staugård F. Traditional medicine in Botswana: traditional medicinal plants. Gaborone, Botswana: Ipeleng Publishers; 1989

53. Mwafongo E, I Nordal, Z Magombo, B Stedje. Ethnobotanical study of Hyacinthaceae and non-hyacinthaceous geophytes in selected districts of Malawi. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2010;8:75-93. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.8.0.75-93

54. Van Wyk BE, Gericke N. People’s plants: a guide to useful plants of southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Briza Publications; 2018.

55. Wild H, Gelfand M. Some native herbal remedies at present in use in Mashonaland. Central Afr J Med. 1959;5:292-305.

56. Ribeiro A, Romeiras MM, Tavares J, Faria MT. Ethnobotanical survey in Canhane village, district of Massingir, Mozambique: medicinal plants and traditional knowledge. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-6-33

57. Masters ET. Medicinal plants of the upper Aswa River catchment of northern Uganda: a cultural crossroads. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2023;19:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00620-5

58. Masumbu FFF, Mwamatope B, Tembo D, Mwakikunga A, Kamanula J. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants claimed by traditional herbal practitioners to manage cancers in Malawi. J Herbal Med. 2023;42:100796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100796

59. Mongalo NI, Raletsena MV, Munyai R. In vitro pharmacological activity, and comparison GC-ToF-MS profiling of extracts from Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. Life. 2023;13:728. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030728

60. Musa AM, Tajuddeen N, Idris AY, Rafindadi AY, Abdullahi MI, Aliyu AB, et al. A new antimicrobial prenylated benzo-lactone from the rhizome of Cissus cornifolia. Phcog Res 2015;7:363-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.159572

61. Musa AM, Yaro AH, Usman H, Magaji MG, Habu M. Phytochemical and some neuropharmacological studies on the methanolic leaf extracts of Cissus cornifolia [Vitaceae] in mice. Int J Pharmacol. 2008;4(2):145-8. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2008.145.148

62. Tanko Y, Kadiri OT, Mohammed A, Mahdi MA, Musa KY. Preliminary antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol extract of Cissus cornifolia (Bak.) Planch on experimental animals. Ann Biol Res. 2011;2(4):229-37.

63. Atiku I, Musa AM, Sule MI. Isolation of stigmasterol from methanolic extract of Cissus cornifolia Baker (Planch). Nigerian J Pharmaceut Sci. 2013;12(1):1-4.

64. Atiku I, Musa AM, Sani YM, Hanwa UA, Abdullahi SM, Sule MI. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of the crude methanolic extract of the leaf of Cissus cornifolia Baker (Planch) (family: Vitaceae). Asian J Pharmaceut Res Develop. 2013;1(6):79-83.

65. Yaro AH, Musa AM, Ya’u J, Nazifi AB, Garba K. Central nervous system depressant effects of fractions of methanol leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. Pak J Pharm. Sci. 2019;32(2):563-8.

66. Nyoni M, Muzemu S, Chinheya C, Mushayabasa T, Ncube B. Screening indigenous nematicidal plants in Zimbabwe against Meloidogyne javanica. Paper Presented at a Conference Held on the 14^th-16^th July 2015, Elephant Hills Resort, Victoria Fallls, Zimbabwe.

67. Yaro AH, Anuka JA, Salawu OA, Hussaini IM, Usman H, Musa AM. Comparative neuropharmacological activities methanolic extracts of leaves and roots of Cissus cornifolia in mice. Afr J Biomed Res. 2009;12(3):219-23.

68. Yaro AH, Muhammad MA, Nazifi AB, Garba MM. Butanol soluble fractions of Cissus cornifolia methanolic leaf extract and behavioural effects in mice. J Phytopharm. 2015;4(4):202-6. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2015.4402