The role of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and antioxidant defense system in mediating the effects of lemon and grapefruit peel hydroethanolic extracts on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats

HTML Full Text

Reference

Abbas AK, Murphy KM, Sher A. Functional diversity of helper t lymphocytes. Nature, 1996; 383(6603):787; doi:10.1038/383787a0 https://doi.org/10.1038/383787a0 Abraham S, Begum S, Isenberg D. Hepatic manifestations of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis, 2004; 63(2):123–9; doi:10.1136/ard.2002.001826 https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2002.001826 Adeneye AA, Oreagba AI, Ishola IO, Kalejaiye HA. Evaluation of the anti-arthritic activity of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of alchornea cordifolia in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 2014; 11(2):402– 10; doi:10.1155/2016/1230294 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1230294 Agarwal O. The anti-inflammatory action of nepitrin, a flavonoid. Agents Actions, 1982; 12(3):298–302; doi:10.1007/BF01965393 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01965393 Agarwal SK. Grapefruit: a nutritional fruit fraught with danger of severe drug interactions. Drug Discov, 2013; 3(9):43–4; doi:10.2165/11585250-000000000-00000 https://doi.org/10.2165/11585250-000000000-00000 Ahmed O, Fahim H, Mahmoud A, Ahmed E. Bee venom and hesperidin effectively mitigate complete freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis via immunomodulation and enhancement of antioxidant defense system. Arch Rheumatol, 2018; 33(2):198–212; doi:10.5606/ ArchRheumatol.2018.6519 Ahmed OM, EL-Abd SF, El Mahdi EA, Abdou EA. Curcumin ameliorative efficacy on type 1 diabetes mellitus coexisted with rheumatoid arthritis in wistar rats. Merit Res J Med Med Sci, 2015; 3(7):256–70; doi:10.1111/cei.12322 https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12322 Ahmed OM, Soliman HA, Mahmoud B, Gheryany RR. Ulva lactuca hydroethanolic extract suppresses experimental arthritis via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Beni-Suef University J Basic Appl Sci, 2017; 6(4):394–408; doi:10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.04.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.04.013 Ali A, El-Zaitony A, Al-Haleem E. Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of vinpocetine in adjuvant induced arthritis model in rats. J Pain Manage Med, 2016; 2(115):2; doi:10.4172/jpmme.1000115 Almarestani L, Fitzcharles MA, Bennett GJ, Ribeiro-da-Silva A. Imaging studies in freund's complete adjuvant model of regional polyarthritis, a model suitable for the study of pain mechanisms, in the rat. Arthritis Rheum, 2011; 63(6):1573–81; doi:10.1002/art.30303 https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30303 Arulmozhi S, Mazumder PM, Sathiyanarayanan L, Ashok P. Anti-arthritic and antioxidant activity of leaves of alstonia scholaris linn. R. Br. Eur J Integr Med, 2011; 3(2):e83–90; doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2011.04.01 Banji D, Pinnapureddy J, Banji OJ, Saidulu A, Hayath MS. Synergistic activity of curcumin with methotrexate in ameliorating freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis with reduced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. Eur J Pharmacol, 2011; 668(1):293–8; doi:10.1016/j. ejphar.2011.06.006 Barra L, Summers K, Bell D, Cairns E. Serum cytokine profile of unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol, 2014; 41(2):280–5; doi:10.3899/jrheum.130539 https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.130539 Baskol G, Demir H, Baskol M, Kilic E, Ates F, Karakukcu C, Ustdal M. Investigation of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Biochem Function, 2006; 24(4):307–11; doi:10.1002/cbf.1257 https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.1257 Beutler E. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med, 1963;61:882–8; doi:10.12691/jcrt-2-3-4 Bhattacharyya A, Chattopadhyay R, Mitra S, Crowe SE. Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Physiol Rev, 2014; 94(2):329–54; doi:10.1152/ physrev.00040.2012 Bhavana A, Shilpa P, Naveen G, Laxmi G, Varalaxmi N, Satyanarayana T. Phytochemical screening and possible pharmacological actions of citrus limonum methanolic leaf extract. Indo Am J Pharmaceutical Res, 2016; 6(9):6593–603; doi:10.24237/djps.1301.223C https://doi.org/10.24237/djps.1301.223C Brennan FM, McInnes IB. Evidence that cytokines play a role in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest, 2008; 118(11):3537–45; doi:10.1172/ JCI36389 Bush KA, Farmer KM, Walker JS, Kirkham BW. Reduction of joint inflammation and bone erosion in rat adjuvant arthritis by treatment with interleukin-17 receptor igg1 fc fusion protein. Arthritis Rheum, 2002; 46(3):802–5; doi:10.1002/art.10173 https://doi.org/10.1002/art.10173 Ca-ete JD, Martínez SE, Farrés J, Sanmartí R, Blay M, Gómez A, Salvador G, Mu-oz-Gómez J. Differential th1/th2 cytokine patterns in chronic arthritis: interferon γ is highly expressed in synovium of rheumatoid arthritis compared with seronegative spondyloarthropathies, Ann Rheum Dis, 2000; 59(4):263–8; doi:10.1136/ard.59.4.263 https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.59.4.263 Carper J. Grapefruit. The Food Pharmacy: Dramatic New Evidence That Food is Your Best Medicine. Bantam Books, New York, NY, pp 213–5, 1988. Chandrashekara S, Anilkumar T, Jamuna S. Complementary and alternative drug therapy in arthritis. J Assoc Physicians India, 2002; 50:225–7. Chen Y, Wang QW, Zuo J, Chen JW, Li X. Anti-arthritic activity of ethanol extract of claoxylon indicum on freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2017; 17(1):11; doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1500-7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1500-7 Choosri N, Tanasawet S, Chonpathompikunlert P, Sukketsiri W. Apium graveolens extract attenuates adjuvant induced arthritis by reducing oxidative stress. J Food Biochem, 2017; 41(1); doi:10.1111/jfbc.12276 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12276 Comar JF, de Sá-Nakanishi AB, de Oliveira AL, Wendt MMN, Amado CAB, Iwamoto ELI, Peralta RM, Bracht A. Oxidative state of the liver of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis, Free Radic Biol Med, 2013; 58:144–53; doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.003 Curtis JR, Singh JA. Use of biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: current and emerging paradigms of care. Clin Ther, 2011; 33(6):679–707; doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.05.044 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.05.044 Davies P, Bailey PJ, Goldenberg MM, Ford-Hutchinson AW. The role of arachidonic acid oxygenation products in pain and inflammation. Ann Rev Immunol, 1984; 2(1):335–57; doi:10.1146/annurev. iy.02.040184.002003 Di Dalmazi G, Hirshberg J, Lyle D, Freij JB, Caturegli P. Reactive oxygen species in organ-specific autoimmunity. Auto Immun Highlights, 2016; 7(1):11; doi:10.1007/s13317-016-0083-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13317-016-0083-0 Eiseman JL, Von Bredow J, Alvares AP. Effect of honeybee (apis mellifera) venom on the course of adjuvant-induced arthritis and depression of drug metabolism in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol, 1982; 31(6):1139–46; doi:10.1016/0006-2952(82)90354-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(82)90354-9 El Gengaihi S, Ella FA, Hassan EM, Shalaby EA, Baker DA. Phytochemical investigation and radical scavenging activity of wastes of some grape varieties grown in Egypt. Global J Pharmacol, 2013; 7(4):465– 73; doi:10.5829/idosi.gjp.2013.7.4.1115 Fiorentino, DF, Zlotnik A, Mosmann T, Howard M , O'garra A. Il-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages. J Immunol, 1991; 147(11):3815–22; doi:10.1084/jem.174.5.1209 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.174.5.1209 Firestein GS. Evolving concepts of rheumatoid arthritis. Nature, 2003; 423(6937):356–61; doi:10.1038/nature01661 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01661 Fisher K, Phillips CA. The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli o157, listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J Appl Microbiol, 2006; 101(6):1232–40; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03035.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03035.x Gaffen SL. The role of interleukin-17 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 2009; 11(5):365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-009-0052-y Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H. Development and validation of an hplc/uv/ms method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract. J Agric Food Chem, 2006; 54(11):3768–72; doi:10.1021/jf060543d https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060543d Geboes L, Klerck BD, Balen MV, Kelchtermans H, Mitera T, Boon L, Wolf–Peeters CD, Matthys P. Freund's complete adjuvant induces arthritis in mice lacking a functional interferon-γ receptor by triggering tumor necrosis factor α–driven osteoclastogenesis. Arth Rheum, 2007; 56(8):2595–607; doi:10.1002/art.22791 https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22791 Gök A, Ä°smail KirbaÅŸlar S, Gülay KirbaÅŸlar F. Comparison of lemon oil composition after using different extraction methods. J Essential Oil Res, 2015; 27(1):17–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2014.982872 Goldring MB. The role of cytokines as inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis: lessons from animal models. Connect Tiss Res, 1999; 40(1):1–11; doi:10.3109/03008209909005273 https://doi.org/10.3109/03008209909005273 Gupta M, Sasmal S, Mukherjee A. Therapeutic effects of acetone extract of saraca asoca seeds on rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis via attenuating inflammatory responses. Int Scholarly Res Network Rheumatol, 2014; 2014:1–12; doi:10.1155/2014/959687 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/959687 Gupta V, Kohli K, Ghaiye P, Bansal P, Lather A. Pharmacological potentials of citrus paradise—an overview. Int J Phytother Res, 2011; 1(1):8–17. Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione s-transferases the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem, 1974; 249(22):7130–9. Haqqi TM, Anthony DD, Gupta S, Ahmad N, Lee MS, Kumar GK, Mukhtar H. Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by a polyphenolic fraction from green tea. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1999; 96(8):4524–9; doi:10.1073/pnas.96.8.4524 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.8.4524 Hellings PW, Kasran A, Liu Z, Vandekerckhove P, Wuyts A, Overbergh L, Mathieu C, Ceuppens JL. Interleukin-17 orchestrates the granulocyte influx into airways after allergen inhalation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2003; 28(1):42–50; doi:10.1165/rcmb.4832 https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.4832 Helmick CG, Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Kwoh CK, Liang MH, Kremers HM, Mayes MD, Merkel PA. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the united states: Part I. Arth Rheum, 2008; 58(1):15–25; doi:10.1002/art.23177 https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23177 Henrotin Y, Kurz B, Aigner T. Oxygen and reactive oxygen species in cartilage degradation: Friends or foes? Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2005; 13(8):643–54; doi:10.1016/j.joca.2005.04.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2005.04.002 Kamanlı A, NazıroÄŸlu M, Aydılek N, Hacıevlıyagil C. Plasma lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Biochem Function, 2004; 22(1):53–7; doi:10.1002/cbf.1055 https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.1055 Kang JW, Choi SC, Cho MC, Kim HJ, Kim JH, Lim JS, Kim SH, Han JY, Yoon DY. A proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-32β promotes the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Immunology, 2009; 128(1pt2); doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03025.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03025.x Keystone E, Wherry J, Grint P. Il-10 as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 1998; 24(3):629–39; doi:10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70030-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70030-2 Kokkonen H, Mullazehi M, Berglin E, Hallmans G, Wadell G, Rönnelid J, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S. Antibodies of igg, iga and igm isotypes against cyclic citrullinated peptide precede the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arth Res Ther, 2011; 13(1):R13; doi:10.1186/ar3237 https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3237 Krenn V, Morawietz L, Burmester GR, Kinne R, Mueller-Ladner U, Muller B, Haupl T. Synovitis score: discrimination between chronic low-grade and high-grade synovitis. Histopathology, 2006; 49(4):358–64; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02508.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02508.x Kubo M, Matsuda H, Tanaka M, Kimura Y,Okuda H, Higashino M, Tani T, Namba K, Arichi S. Studies on scutellariae radix. Vii. Anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory actions of methanolic extract and flavonoid components from scutellariae radix. Chem Pharm Bull, 1984; 32(7):2724– 9; doi:10.1248/cpb.32.2724 https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.32.2724 Latha RM, Geetha T, Varalakshmi P. Effect of vernonia cinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Gen Pharmacol, 1998; 31(4):601–6; doi:10.1016/S0306-3623(98)00049-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3623(98)00049-4 Li, J, Ke T, He C, Cao W, Wei M, Zhang L, Zhang JX, Wang W,Ma J, Wang ZR. The anti-arthritic effects of synthetic melittin on the complete freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis model in rats. Am J Chin Med, 2010; 38(06):1039–49; doi:10.1142/S0192415X10008457 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X10008457 Li R, Li J, Cai L, Hu Cm, Zhang L. Suppression of adjuvant arthritis by hesperidin in rats and its mechanisms. J Pharm Pharmacol, 2008; 60(2):221–8; doi:10.1211/jpp.60.2.0011 https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.60.2.0011 Lin CY, Wang WH, Chen SH, Chang YW, Hung LC, Chen CY, Chen YH. Lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin e2, and cytokine production of mouse and human macrophages are suppressed by pheophytin-b. Int J Mol Sci, 2017; 18(12):2637; doi:10.3390/ijms18122637 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122637 Liu Yl, Lin Hm, Zou R, Wu Jc, Han R, Raymond LN, Reid PF, Qin Zh. Suppression of complete freund's adjuvant-induced adjuvant arthritis by cobratoxin. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2009; 30(2):219–27: doi:10.1038/aps.2008.20 https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2008.20 Lopes Campêlo LM, Moura Gonçalves FC, Feitosa CM, de Freitas RM. Antioxidant activity of citrus limon essential oil in mouse hippocampus. Pharm Biol, 2011; 49(7):709–15: doi:10.3109/13880209.20 10.541924 Lubberts E, van den Bersselaar L, Oppers-Walgreen B, Schwarzenberger P, Coenen-de Roo CJ, Kolls JK, Joosten LA, van den Berg WB. Il-17 promotes bone erosion in murine collagen-induced arthritis through loss of the receptor activator of nf-κb ligand/osteoprotegerin balance. J Immunol, 2003; 170(5):2655–62; doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2655 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2655 Maini R, Taylor P. Anti-cytokine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rev Med, 2000; 51(1):207–29; doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.207 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.207 Martel-Pelletier J, Alaaeddine N, Pelletier JP. Cytokines and their role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Front Biosci, 1999; 4:D694–703. https://doi.org/10.2741/A387 McCoy JM, Wicks JR, Audoly LP. The role of prostaglandin e2 receptors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest, 2002; 110(5):651–8; doi:10.1172/JCI15528 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI15528 McInnes IB, Liew FY. Cytokine networks—towards new therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol, 2005; 1(1):31–9; doi:10.1038/ncprheum0020 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncprheum0020 McInnes IB, Schett G. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol, 2007; 7(6):429–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2094 McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Eng J Med, 2011; 365(23):2205–19. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1004965 Miale J. Reticuloendothelial system-hemopoiesis and cell destruction. Lab Med Hematol, 1972; 1–71. Miyake Y, Mochizuki M, Okada M, Hiramitsu M, Morimitsu Y, Osawa T. Isolation of antioxidative phenolic glucosides from lemon juice and their suppressive effect on the expression of blood adhesion molecules. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2007; 71(8):1911–19; doi:10.1271/bbb.70115 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70115 Montgomery H, Dymock J. Nitrite assay in tissue fluids. Analyst, 1961; 86:414. Mossa ATH,Ibrahim FM, Mohafrash SM, Abou Baker DH, El Gengaihi S. Protective effect of ethanolic extract of grape pomace against the adverse effects of cypermethrin on weanling female rats. Evid-Based Complem Altern Med, 2015; 2015:1–10; doi:10.1155/2015/381919 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/381919 Mythilypriya R, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Efficacy of siddha formulation kalpaamruthaa in ameliorating joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Chem Biol Interact, 2008; 176(2):243–51; doi:10.1016/j. cbi.2008.07.008 Nie NH, Bent DH, Hull CH. Spss: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1970. Nishikimi M, Rao NA, Yagi K. The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1972; 46(2):849–54; doi:10.1016/ S0006-291X(72)80218-3 Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem, 1979; 95(2):351–8; doi:10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3 Olajide OA, Ajayi AM, Wright CW. Anti-inflammatory properties of cryptolepine. Phytotherapy Res, 2009; 23(10):1421–5; doi:10.1002/ptr.2794 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2794 Onur Ö, Akıncı A, Akbıyık F, Ünsal I. Elevated levels of nitrate in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int, 2001; 20(4):154–8; doi:10.1007/ s002960100105 Paglia DE,Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Trans Res, 1967; 70(1):158–69. Patel P, Patel D, Patel N. Experimental investigation of anti-rheumatoi activity of pleurotus sajorcaju in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Chin J Nat Med, 2012; 10(4):269–74; doi:10.1016/S1875- 5364(12)60054-5 Persson S, Mikulowska A, Narula S, O'garra A, Holmdahl R. Interleukin-10 suppresses the development of collagen type ii-induced arthritis and ameliorates sustained arthritis in rats. Scand J Immunol, 1996; 44(6):607–14; doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-355.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-355.x Pino JA, Sánchez M. Chemical composition of grapefruit oil concentrates. J Essential Oil Res, 2000; 12(2):167–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2000.9699489 Polunin M. Healing Foods, DK Publishing New York, NY, pp. 64–5, 1997. Portanova JP, Zhang Y, Anderson GD, Hauser SD, Masferrer JL, Seibert K, Gregory SA, Isakson PC. Selective neutralization of prostaglandin e2 blocks inflammation, hyperalgesia, and interleukin 6 production in vivo. J Exp Med, 1996; 184(3):883–91. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.3.883 Punnonen J, Aversa G, Cocks BG, McKenzie A, Menon S, Zurawski G, de Waal Malefyt R, de Vries JE. Interleukin 13 induces interleukin 4-independent igg4 and ige synthesis and cd23 expression by human b cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1993; 90(8):3730–4; doi:10.1073/ pnas.90.8.3730 Qiao Y, Xie B, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Fan G, Yao X, Pan S. Characterization of aroma active compounds in fruit juice and peel oil of jinchen sweet orange fruit (citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck) by gc-ms and gc-o. Molecules, 2008; 13(6):1333–44. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13061333 Ramezani M, Nasri S, Yassa N. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of isolated fractions from apium graveolens seeds in mice, Pharm Biol 2009; 47(8):740–3; doi:10.1080/13880200902939283 https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200902939283 Rangachari M, Mauermann N, Marty RR, Dirnhofer S, Kurrer MO, Komnenovic V, Penninger JM, Eriksson U. T-bet negatively regulates autoimmune myocarditis by suppressing local production of interleukin 17. J Exp Med, 2006; 203(8):2009–19; doi:10.1084/jem.20052222 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20052222 Rasool M, Sabina EP, Lavanya B. Anti-inflammatory effect of spirulina fusiformis on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Biol Pharm Bull, 2006; 29(12):2483–7; doi:10.1248/bpb.29.2483 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.2483 Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2011; 31(5):986–1000; doi:10.1161/ ATVBAHA.110.207449 Rindfleisch JA, Muller D. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis. Am Fam Physician, 2005; 72(6):1037–47. Romagnani S. The th1/th2 paradigm. Immunology Today, 1997; 18(6):263–6; doi: 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)80019-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5699(97)80019-9 Rovenský J, Stančíková M, Rovenská E, Štvrtina S, Štvrtinová V, Švík K. Treatment of rat adjuvant arthritis with flavonoid (detralex®), methotrexate, and their combination. Ann New York Acad Sci, 2009; 1173(1):798–804; doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04618.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04618.x Ruderman E, Crawford J, Maier A, Liu J, Gravallese EM, Weinblatt M. Histologic liver abnormalities in an autopsy series of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 1997; 36(2):210–3; doi:10.1093/ rheumatology/36.2.210 Schmidt-Weber C, Alexander S, Henault L, James L, Lichtman A. Il-4 enhances il-10 gene expression in murine th2 cells in the absence of tcr engagement. J Immunol, 1999; 162(1):238–44. Schmidt-Weber CB, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Th17 cells in the big picture of immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2007; 120(2):247–54; doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.039 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.039 Schulze-Koops H, Kalden JR. The balance of th1/th2 cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 2001; 15(5):677– 91; doi:10.1053/berh.2001.0187 https://doi.org/10.1053/berh.2001.0187 Sergejeva S, Ivanov S, Lotvall J, Lindén A. Interleukin-17 as a recruitment and survival factor for airway macrophages in allergic airway inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2005; 33(3):248–53; doi:10.1165/ rcmb.2004-0213OC Seven A, Güzel S, Aslan M, Hamuryudan V. Lipid, protein, DNA oxidation and antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Biochem, 2008; 41(7):538–43; doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.029 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.029 Shah SUA, Jawed H, Awan SI, Anjum S, Simjee SU. The anti-arthritic and immune-modulatory effects of nhag: a novel glucosamine analogue in adjuvant-induced arthritis. BioMed Res Int, 2013; 2013:1–13; doi:10.1155/2013/487610 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/487610 Singh Y, Khan SA, Owais M, Abbas M, Parvez A, Kamal A. Th1/th2 profile in patients suffering with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: an analytical observational study. CHRISMED J Health Res, 2014; 1(4):258; doi:10.4103/2348-3334.142998 https://doi.org/10.4103/2348-3334.142998 Snekhalatha U, Anburajan M, Venkatraman B, Menaka M. Evaluation of complete freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in a wistar rat model. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie, 2013; 72(4):375–82; doi:10.1007/ s00393-012-1083-8 Sornasse T, Larenas PV, Davis KA, de Vries JE, Yssel H. Differentiation and stability of t helper 1 and 2 cells derived from naive human neonatal cd4+ t cells, analyzed at the single-cell level. J Exp Med, 1996; 184(2):473–83; doi:10.1084/jem.184.2.473 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.2.473 Stamp LK, Khalilova I, Tarr JM, Senthilmohan R, Turner R, Haigh RC, Winyard PG, Kettle AJ. Myeloperoxidase and oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 2012; 51(10):1796–803; doi:10.1093/ rheumatology/kes193 Stils HF. Adjuvants and antibody production: dispelling the myths associated with freund's complete and other adjuvants. ILAR J, 2005; 46(3):280–93; doi:10.1093/ilar.46.3.280 https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.46.3.280 Sumanth M, Swetha S. Elucidation of mechanism of anti-arthritic action of arthosansar—a polyherbal formulation. Ind J Trad Knowledge, 2012; 11(4):704–13. Syed KM, Pinals RS. Leukocytosis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol, 1996; 2(4):197–202. https://doi.org/10.1097/00124743-199608000-00007 Tag HM, Kelany OE, Tantawy HM, Fahmy AA. Potential anti-inflammatory effect of lemon and hot pepper extracts on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. J Basic Appl Zool, 2014; 67(5):149–57; doi:10.1016/j. jobaz.2014.01.003 Tanaka T, Makita H, Kawabata K, Mori H, Kakumoto M, Satoh K, Hara A, Sumida T, Ogawa H. Chemoprevention of azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring flavonoids, diosmin and hesperidin. Carcinogenesis, 1997; 18(5):957–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/18.5.957 Taysi S, Polat F, Gul M, Sari R, Bakan E. Lipid peroxidation, some extracellular antioxidants, and antioxidant enzymes in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int, 2002; 21(5):200–4; doi:10.1007/s00296-001-0163-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-001-0163-x Ueki Y, Miyake S, Tominaga Y, Eguchi K. Increased nitric oxide levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol, 1996; 23(2):230– 6. Veselinovic M, Barudzic N, Vuletic M, Zivkovic V, Tomic-Lucic A, Djuric D, Jakovljevic V. Oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis patients: relationship to diseases activity. Mol Cell Biochem, 2014; 391(1–2):225– 32; doi:10.1007/s11010-014-2006-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-014-2006-6 Vijayalaxmi A, Bakshi V, Begum N. Anti-arthritic and anti inflammatory activity of beta caryophyllene against freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in wistar rats. Bone Rep Recomm, 2015; 1(1):1–10. Williams RO, Mason LJ, Feldmann M, Maini RN. Synergy between anti-cd4 and anti-tumor necrosis factor in the amelioration of established collagen-induced arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1994; 91(7):2762–66; doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2762 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.7.2762 Woods JM, Haines GK, Shah MR, Rayan G, Koch AE. Low-level production of interleukin-13 in synovial fluid and tissue from patients with arthritis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 1997; 85(2):210–0; doi:10.1006/clin.1997.4441 https://doi.org/10.1006/clin.1997.4441 Yoo SJ, Go E, Kim YE, Lee S, Kwon J. Roles of reactive oxygen species in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. J Rheum Dis, 2016; 23(6):340–7; doi 07.04/ijaai.195202 Zheng Y, Danilenko DM, Valdez P, Kasman I, Eastham-Anderson J, Wu J, Ouyang W. Interleukin-22, a t h 17 cytokine, mediates il-23- induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis. Nature, 2007; 445(7128):648; doi:10.1038/nature05505 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05505

Article Metrics

Similar Articles

Related Search

By author names

Ahmed O M [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]
Ashour M B [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]
Fahim H I [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]
Ahmed N A [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]