The role of catechins of Camellia sinensis leaves in modulating antioxidant enzymes: A review and case study

Lidya Cahyo Bawono Miski Aghnia Khairinisa Supat Jiranusornkul Jutti Levita   

Open Access   

Published:  Jul 26, 2023

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.143056
Abstract

Free radicals are generated in the body due to pollution and unhealthy lifestyle. Unbalanced levels of free radicals and natural antioxidants in the body may induce oxidative stress (OS). OS is responsible for several illnesses, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The antioxidants can potentially increase the defence mechanism against OS and protect human health. The study aimed to analyze the catechins’ role as antioxidants. The catechins can upregulate antioxidant enzymes, scavenge free radicals, protect the DNA by intercalating to the helixes, and create chelation due to numerous hydroxyl moieties attached to the aromatic ring, which protects the structural integrity through electron delocalization. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a catechin with the greatest antioxidant capacity, has ortho-phenolic hydroxyl groups which potentially in binding free radicals. Moreover, the case study showed that dose-dependent treatment of tea had some benefits for human health. Humans with anaemia and menopause cannot consume tea in high doses, which could worsen the condition. Conversely, humans with thalassemia are suggested to take tea to decrease the iron in their bodies. This review is expected to be a further study reference, mainly to clarify the EGCG process in restoring antioxidant enzymes and activating the thioredoxin antioxidant system.


Keyword:     Antioxidants Camellia sinensis epigallocatechin gallate oxidative stress tea


Citation:

Bawono LC, Khairinisa MA, Jiranusornkul S, Levita J. The role of catechins of Camellia sinensis leaves in modulating antioxidant enzymes: A review and case study. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2023. Online First. http://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2023.143056

Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

HTML Full Text

Reference

Abdel-Moneim A, El-Senousy WM, Abdel-Latif M, Khalil RG. Association between antioxidant enzyme activities and Enterovirus-infected type 1 diabetic children. Med Princ Pract, 2018; 27:86–91; https://doi.org/10.1159/000486718

Abolfathi AA, Mohajeri D, Rezaie A, Nazeri M. Protective effects of green tea extract against hepatic tissue injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Evid-Based Complement Altern Med, 2012; 2012; https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/740671

Abrahim NN, Kanthimathi MS, Abdul-Aziz A. Piper betle shows antioxidant activities, inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation and increases activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2012; 12:1; https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-220

Afzal SM, Vafa A, Rashid S, Shree A, Islam J, Ali N, Sultana S. Amelioration of N,N′-dimethylhydrazine induced colon toxicity by epigallocatechin gallate in Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol, 2021; 40:1558– 71; https://doi.org/10.1177/09603271211002884

Ahmed OM, Abdul-Hamid MM, El-Bakry AM, Mohamed HM, Abdel Rahman FEZS. Camellia sinensis and epicatechin abate doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats via their modulatory effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2019; 9:30–44; https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2019.90405

Bansal S, Vyas S, Bhattacharya S, Sharma M. Catechin prodrugs and analogs: a new array of chemical entities with improved pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties. Nat Prod Rep, 2013; 30:1438; https://doi.org/10.1039/c3np70038k

Bártíková H, Boušová I, Matoušková P, Szotáková B, Skálová L. Effect of green tea extract-enriched diets on insulin and leptin levels, oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant enzymes activities in obese mice. Polish J Food Nutr Sci, 2017; 67:233–40; https://doi.org/10.1515/pjfns-2017-0004

Basu A, Betts NM, Mulugeta A, Tong C, Newman E, Lyons TJ. Green tea supplementation increases glutathione and plasma antioxidant capacity in adults with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res, 2013; 33:180–7; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2012.12.010

Berilli P, Fanaro GB, Santos JP, Reyes Reyes FG, Iglesias AH, Reis M, Cazarin CBC, Junior MRM. White tea modulates antioxidant defense of endurance-trained rats. Curr Res Physiol, 2022; 5:256–64; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crphys.2022.06.002

Bernatoniene J, Kopustinskiene DM. The role of catechins in cellular responses to oxidative stress. Molecules, 2018; 23:1–11; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040965

Cao SY, Li BY, Gan RY, Mao QQ, Wang YF, Shang A, Meng J, Xu X, Wei X, Li H. The in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions of selected Chinese teas. Foods, 2020; 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030262

Carlsen H, Myhrstad MCW, Thoresen M, Moskaug JØ, Blomhoff R. Berry intake increases the activity of the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase promoter in transgenic reporter mice. J Nutr, 2003; 133:2137–40; https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.7.2137

Chen D, Zhang KQ, Li B, Sun DQ, Zhang H, Fu Q. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates erectile function in aged rats via regulation of PRMT1/DDAH/ADMA/NOS metabolism pathway. Asian J Androl, 2016; 18:291–7; https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.178486

Chiodo SG, Leopoldini M, Russo N, Toscano M. The inactivation of lipid peroxide radical by quercetin. A theoretical insight. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2010; 12:7662–70; https://doi.org/10.1039/b924521a

Chong SJK, Howard KA, Knox C. Hypokalaemia and drinking green tea: a literature review and report of 2 cases. BMJ Case Rep, 2016; 2016; https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-214425

Chow HHS, Hakim IA, Vining DR, Crowell JA, Ranger-Moore J, Chew WM, Celaya CA, Rodney SR, Hara Y, Alberts DS. Effects of dosing condition on the oral bioavailability of green tea catechins after single-dose administration of polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Clin Cancer Res, 2005; 11:4627–33; https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2549

Codoñer-Franch P, Pons-Morales S, Boix-García L, Valls-Bellés V. Oxidant/antioxidant status in obese children compared to pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes, 2010; 11:251–7; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00565.x

Costantini D. Understanding diversity in oxidative status and oxidative stress: the opportunities and challenges ahead. J Exp Biol, 2019; 222:1–9; https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.194688

Cromie MM, Gao W. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances the therapeutic effects of leptomycin B on human lung cancer A549 cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2015; 2015; https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/217304

De Almeida Gonçalves G, De Sá-Nakanishi AB, Wendt MMN, Comar JF, Bersani Amado CA, Bracht A, Peralta RM. Green tea extract improves the oxidative state of the liver and brain in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Food Funct, 2015; 6:2701–11; https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00548e

Dias TR, Carrageta DF, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, Silva BM. White tea. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, vol. 2024, 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812491-8.00058-8

Dias TR, Tomas G, Teixeira NF, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, Silva BM. White tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)): antioxidant properties and beneficial health effects. Int J Food Sci Nutr Diet, 2013; 2:19–26; http://dx.doi.org/10.19070/2326-3350-130005

Didangelos T, Karlafti E, Kotzakioulafi E, Kontoninas Z, Margaritidis C, Giannoulaki P, Kantartzis K. Efficacy and safety of the combination of superoxide dismutase, alpha lipoic acid, vitamin B12, and carnitine for 12 months in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Nutrients, 2020; 12:1–15; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113254

Dong R, Wang D, Wang X, Zhang K, Chen P, Yang CS, Zhang J. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances key enzymatic activities of hepatic thioredoxin and glutathione systems in selenium-optimal mice but activates hepatic Nrf2 responses in selenium-deficient mice. Redox Biol, 2016; 10:221–32; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.009

EI Fattah MEA, Abdelgawad MR, EI Boughdady BAE. The protective role of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on oxidative stress in normal and treated rats with aluminum oxide nanoparticles. Int J Adv Biochem Res, 2018; 2:43–52; https://doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2018.v2.i2a.21

Elsayed Azab A, Adwas AA, Elsayed ASI, Quwaydir FA. Oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms in human body. J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng, 2019; 6:43–7; https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2019.06.00173

Elzoghby RR, Hamoda AF, Abed-Ftah A, Farouk M. Protective role of vitamin C and green tea extract on malathion-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. Am J Pharmacol Toxicol, 2014; 9:174–85; https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2014.174-185

Ezeja EP, Onuoha NO, Ufere EA. Effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on paracetamol-induced oxidative stress markers in Wistar rats. J Dietitians Assoc Niger, 2022; 12:30–7; https://doi.org/10.4314/jdan.v12i1.5

Fan FS. Iron deficiency anemia due to excessive green tea drinking. Clin Case Rep, 2016; 4:1053–6; https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.707

Gramza A, Korczak J. Tea constituents (Camellia sinensis L.) as antioxidants in lipid systems. Trends Food Sci Technol, 2005; 16:351–8; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.02.004

Grzesik M, Napar?o K, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Antioxidant properties of catechins: comparison with other antioxidants. Food Chem, 2018; 241:480–92; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foodchem.2017.08.117

Guo C, Bi J, Li X, Lyu J, Liu X, Wu X, Liu J. Immunomodulation effects of polyphenols from thinned peach treated by different drying methods on RAW264.7 cells through the NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways. Food Chem, 2021; 340:127931; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127931

Gutowski M, Kowalczyk S. A study of free radical chemistry: their role and pathophysiological dignificance. Acta Biochim Pol, 2013; 60:1–16

Hadjipanayis A, Efstathiou E, Papaevangelou V. Hepatotoxicity in an adolescent with black iced tea overconsumption. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr, 2019; 22:387–91; https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2019.22.4.387

Haider K, Haider MR, Neha K, Yar MS. Free radical scavengers: an overview on heterocyclic advances and medicinal prospects. Eur J Med Chem, 2020; 204:112607; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112607

Hajam YA, Rani R, Ganie SY, Sheikh TA, Javaid D, Qadri SS, Pramodh S, Alsulimani A, Alkhanani MF, Harakeh S, Hussain A, Haque S, Reshi MS. Oxidative stress in human pathology and aging: molecular mechanisms and perspectives. Cells, 2022; 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030552

Han XD, Zhang Y, Wang KL, Huang YP, Yang ZB, Liu Z. The involvement of Nrf2 in the protective effects of (-)- epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG) on NaASO2-induced hepatotoxicity. Oncotarget, 2017; 8:65302–12.

Hashim M, Fry J. Evaluation of direct and indirect antioxidant properties of selected four natural chemical compounds: quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, indole-3-carbinol and sulforaphane by DPPH radical scavenging assay. J Biomed Res Environ Sci, 2020; 1:389–92; https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1170

He J, Xu L, Yang L, Wang X. Epigallocatechin gallate is the most effective catechin against antioxidant stress via hydrogen peroxide and radical scavenging activity. Med Sci Monit, 2018; 24:8198–206; https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.911175

Heikal TM, Mossa ATH, Rasoul MAA, Marei GIK. The ameliorating effect of green tea extract against cyromazine and chlorpyrifos induced liver toxicity in male rats. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 2013; 6(1):47–55

Huang ST, Hung YA, Yang MJ, Chen IZ, Yuann JMP, Liang JY. Effects of epigallocatechin gallate on the stability of epicatechin in a photolytic process. Molecules, 2019; 24:1–13; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040787

Huang Z, Pang Y, Hao H, Du W, Zhao X, Zhu H. Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on bovine oocytes matured in vitro. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 2018; 31:1420–30; https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0880

Hussain S. Comparative efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against H2O2-induced ROS in cervical cancer biopsies and HeLa cell lines. Wspolczesna Onkol, 2017; 21:209–12; https://doi.org/10.5114/wo.2017.70110

Ibrahim MA, Bakhaat GA, Tammam HG, Mohamed RM, El- Naggar SA. Cardioprotective effect of green tea extract and vitamin E on cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice: toxicological, histological and immunohistochemical studies. Biomed Pharmacother, 2019; 113:108731; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108731

Ibrahim MA, Khalaf AA, Galal MK, Ogaly HA, Hassan AHM. Ameliorative influence of green tea extract on copper nanoparticle-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Nanoscale Res Lett, 2015; 10; https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-1068-z

Ikeda I, Kobayashi M, Hamada T, Tsuda K, Goto H, Imaizumi K, Nozawa A, Sugimoto A, Kakuda T. Heat-epimerized tea catechins rich in gallocatechin gallate and catechin gallate are more effective to inhibit cholesterol absorption than tea catechins rich in epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate. J Agric Food Chem, 2003; 51:7303–7; https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034728l

Jaganjac M, Milkovic L, Sunjic SB, Zarkovic N. The NRF2, thioredoxin, and glutathione system in tumorigenesis and anticancer therapies. Antioxidants, 2020; 9:1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111151

Jetsrisuparb A, Komwilaisak P, Wiangnon S. Green tea consumption prevented iron overload: a case report of thalassemia intermedia. J Hematol Transfus Med, 2014; 24:389–94.

Jówko E, D?ugo??cka B, Makaruk B, Cie?li?ski I. The effect of green tea extract supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress parameters in male sprinters. Eur J Nutr, 2015; 54:783–91; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0757-1

Karlenius TC, Tonissen KF. Thioredoxin and cancer: a role for thioredoxin in all states of tumor oxygenation. Cancers (Basel), 2010; 2:209–32; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020209

Khan G, Haque SE, Anwer T, Ahsan MN, Safhi MM, Alam MF. Cardioprotective effect of green tea extract on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Acta Pol Pharm Drug Res, 2014; 71:861–8; https://doi.org/10.3742/opem.2005.5.2.137

Kim E, Hwang K, Lee J, Han SY, Kim EM, Park J, Cho JY. Skin protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate. Int J Mol Sci, 2018; 19:1–14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010173

Kodidela S, Shaik FB, Chinta V, Mohammad SA, Pasala C, Mittameedi CM, Maddu N, Wudayagiri R, Nallanchakravarthula V. Possible ameliorative role of green tea on chronic alcohol mediated renal toxicity of STZ -induced diabetic rats. Clin Nutr Exp, 2020; 34:1–25; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yclnex.2020.09.001

Kucera O, Mezera V, Moravcova A, Endlicher R, Lotkova H, Drahota Z, Cervinkova Z. In vitro toxicity of epigallocatechin gallate in rat liver mitochondria and hepatocytes. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2015; 2015; https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/476180

Latos-Brozio M, Masek A. Structure-activity relationships analysis of monomeric and polymeric polyphenols (quercetin, rutin and catechin) obtained by various polymerization methods. Chem Biodivers, 2019; 16; https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900426

Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bonaduce D, Abete P. Oxidative stress and diseases. Oxid Stress Dis, 2018; 13:757–72; https://doi.org/10.5772/2535

Lopez EO, Parmar M, Pendela VS, Terrell JM. Lisinopril. StatPearls Publishing LLC, Treasure Island, FL, 2022.

Lo´pez-Burillo S, Tan DX, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, xanthurenic acid, resveratrol, EGCG, vitamin C and a-lipoic acid differentially reduce oxidative DNA damage induced by Fenton reagents: a study of their individual and synergistic actions. J Pineal Res, 2003; 34:269–77.

Lushchak VI, Storey KB. Oxidative stress concept updated: definitions, classifications, and regulatory pathways implicated. EXCLI J, 2021; 20:956–67; https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2021-3596

Ma Q. Role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 2013; 53:401–26; https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320

Maeda-Yamamoto M, Nishimura M, Kitaichi N, Nesumi A, Monobe M, Nomura S, Horie Y, Tachibana H, Nishihira J. A randomized, placebo-controlled study on the safety and efficacy of daily ingestion of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cv. “Yabukita” and “Sunrouge” on eyestrain and blood pressure in healthy adults. Nutrients, 2018; 10:569; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050569

Mahboub FA. The effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract against hepato-toxicity induced by tamoxifen in rats. J Food Process Technol, 2016; 7; https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7110.1000625

Martins A, Schimidt HL, Garcia A, Colletta Altermann CD, Santos FW, Carpes FP, Silva WC, Carpes PBM. Supplementation with different teas from Camellia sinensis prevents memory deficits and hippocampus oxidative stress in ischemia-reperfusion. Neurochem Int, 2017; 108:287–95; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.019

Mattmiller SA, Carlson BA, Sordillo LM. Regulation of inflammation by selenium and selenoproteins: impact on eicosanoid biosynthesis. J Nutr Sci, 2013; 2:1–13; https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2013.17

Mazur-Bialy AI, Kozlowska K, Pochec E, Bilski J, Brzozowski T. Myokine irisin-induced protection against oxidative stress in vitro. Involvement of heme oxygenase-1 and antioxidazing enzymes superoxide dismutase-2 and glutathione peroxidase. J Physiol Pharmacol, 2018; 69:117–25; https://doi.org/10.26402/JPP.2018.1.13

Mazzanti G, Di Sotto A, Vitalone A. Hepatotoxicity of green tea: an update. Arch Toxicol, 2015; 89:1175–91; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1521-x

Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Bavishi C, Rimoldi SF. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2018; 71:1474–82; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.058

Misaka S, Ono Y, Uchida A, Ono T, Abe O, Ogata H, Sato H, Suzuki M, Onoue S, Shikama Y, Shimomura K. Impact of green tea catechin ingestion on the pharmacokinetics of lisinopril in healthy volunteers. Clin Transl Sci, 2021; 14:476–80; https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12905

Mokra D, Joskova M, Mokry J. Therapeutic effects of green tea polyphenol (?)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in relation to molecular pathways controlling inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci, 2023; 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010340

Moskaug JO, Carlsen H, Myhrstad MCW, Blomhoff R. Polyphenols and glutathione synthesis regulation. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005; 81:277–83; https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.1.277s

Mossakowski AA, Pohlan J, Bremer D, Lindquist R, Millward JM, Bock M, Pollok K, Mothes R, Viohl L, Radbruch M, Gerhard J, Bellmann- Strobl J, Behrens J, Infante-Duarte C, Mähler A, Boschmann M, Rinnenthal JL, Füchtemeier M, Herz J, Pache FC, Bardua M, Priller J, Hauser AE, Paul F, Niesner R, Radbruch H. Tracking CNS and systemic sources of oxidative stress during the course of chronic neuroinflammation. Acta Neuropathol, 2015; 130:799–814; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-015-1497-x

Nakayama T, Hashimoto T, Kajiya K, Kumazawa S. Affinity of polyphenols for lipid bilayers. BioFactors, 2000; 13:147–51.

Nunes AR, Alves MG, Tomás GD, Conde VR, Cristóvão AC, Moreira PI, Oliveira PF, Silva BM. Daily consumption of white tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)) improves the cerebral cortex metabolic and oxidative profile in prediabetic Wistar rats. Br J Nutr, 2015; 113:832–42; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514004395

Opuwari C, Monsees T. Green tea consumption increases sperm concentration and viability in male rats and is safe for reproductive, liver and kidney health. Sci Rep, 2020; 10:1–14; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598- 020-72319-6

Pan B, Li H, Lang D, Xing B. Environmentally persistent free radicals: occurrence, formation mechanisms and implications. Environ Pollut, 2019; 248:320–31; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.032

Park DH, Park JY, Kang KS, Hwang GS. Neuroprotective effect of gallocatechin gallate on glutamate-induced oxidative stress in hippocampal HT22 cells. Molecules, 2021; 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051387

Petramfar P, Mohammadi SS, Hosseinzadeh F. Treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypotension with tea: a case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 2016; 18; https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.24620

Phimphilai S, Koonyosying P, Hutachok N, Kampoun T, Daw R, Chaiyasut C, Prasartthong-osoth V, Srichairatanakool S. Identifying chemical composition, safety and bioactivity of Thai rice grass extract drink in cells and animals. Molecules, 2021; 26(22):1–19.

Prasanth MI, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C, Tencomnao T. A review of the role of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in antiphotoaging, stress resistance, neuroprotection, and autophagy. Nutrients, 2019; 11:1–24; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020474

Rakshit S, Jana S, Dassarma B, Sarkar B, Samanta S. Protective role of green tea extract against cold-restraint stress induced gastric ulcerogenesis in albino rats. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci, 2018; 6:218–27.

Reddyvari H, Govatati S, Matha SK, Korla SV, Malempati S, Pasupuleti SR, Bhanoori M, Nallanchakravarthula V. Therapeutic effect of green tea extract on alcohol induced hepatic mitochondrial DNA damage in albino wistar rats. J Adv Res, 2017; 8:289–95; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jare.2017.02.002

Reeves KG, Kanai Y. Electronic excitation dynamics in liquid water under proton irradiation. Sci Rep, 2017; 7:40379; https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40379

Regulski M, Regulska K, Stanisz B, Murias M, Gieremek P, Wzgarda A, Niznik B. Chemistry and pharmacology of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des, 2015; 21:1764–75; https:// doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666141112160013

Richi B, Kale RK, Tiku AB. Radio-modulatory effects of green tea catechin EGCG on pBR322 plasmid DNA and murine splenocytes against gamma-radiation induced damage. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen, 2012; 747:62–70; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. mrgentox.2012.04.002

Sadowska-Kr?pa E, Domaszewski P, Pokora I, Zebrowska A, Gda?ska A, Podgórski T. Effects of medium-term green tea extract supplementation combined with crossfit workout on blood antioxidant status and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in young men: a pilot study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 2019; 16; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0280-0

Saravana Kumari M, Anuradha R. Effect of green tea extract on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity on mercuric chloride induced toxicity in rats. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res, 2016; 36:67–72.

Shakeela Begum M, Padmavathi P, Saradamma B, Maturu P, Ananda Vardhan H, Varadacharyulu NC, Reddy DV. Effect of green tea consumption on RBC morphology, membrane properties and antioxidant status in chronic cigarette smokers. Indian J Biochem Biophys, 2018; 55:256–63.

Silveira AC, Rato L, Oliveira PF, Alves MG, Silva BM. White tea intake abrogates markers of streptozotocin-induced prediabetes oxidative stress in rat lungs’. Molecules, 2021; 26:1–12; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133894

Spadiene A, Savickiene N, Ivanauskas L, Jakstas V, Skesters A, Silova A, Rodovicius H. Antioxidant effects of Camellia sinensis L. extract in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Food Drug Anal, 2014; 22:505–11; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.04.001

Suraphad P, Suklaew PO, Ngamukote S, Adisakwattana S, Mäkynen K. The effect of isomaltulose together with green tea on glycemic response and antioxidant capacity: a single-blind, crossover study in healthy subjects. Nutrients, 2017; 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050464

Szczeklik K, Krzysciak W, Mach P, Darczuk D, Cibor D, Rodacki T, Mach P, Darczuk D, Cibor D, Pytko-Polonczyk J, Rodacki T, Owczarek D. Alterations in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in plasma and saliva in relation to disease activity in patients with Crohn’s disease. J Physiol Pharmacol, 2016; 67:709–15.

Teng Y, Wu D. Anti-fatigue effect of green tea polyphenols (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Pharmacogn J, 2017; 13:326–31.

Thangapandiyan S, Miltonprabu S. Epigallocatechin gallate supplementation protects against renal injury induced by fluoride intoxication in rats: role of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Toxicol Rep, 2014; 1:12– 30; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.01.002

Thangapandiyan S, Miltonprabu S. Epigallocatechin gallate exacerbates fluoride-induced oxidative stress mediated testicular toxicity in rats through the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Asian Pac J Reprod, 2015; 4:272–87; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjr.2015.07.005

Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2007; 39:44–84; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001

Vrankovi? J. Age-related changes in antioxidant and glutathione S-transferase enzyme activities in the Asian clam. Biochemistry, 2016; 81:224–32; https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297916030044

Wagner C, Fachinetto R, Dalla Corte CL, Brito VB, Severo D, de Oliveira Costa Dias G, Morel AF, Nogueira CW, Rocha JBT. Quercitrin, a glycoside form of quercetin, prevents lipid peroxidation in vitro. Brain Res, 2006; 1107:192–8; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.084

Wang T, Li Q, Bi K. Bioactive flavonoids in medicinal plants: structure, activity and biological fate. Asian J Pharm Sci, 2018; 13:12–23; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2017.08.004

Wang YQ, Li QS, Zheng XQ, Lu JL, Liang YR. Antiviral effects of green tea EGCG and its potential application against COVID-19. Molecules, 2021; 26:3962; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133962

Wang Y, Wang B, Du F, Su X, Sun G, Zhou G, Bian X, Liu N. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in obstructive nephropathy via NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway regulation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2015; 117:164–72; https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12383

Wang Y, Wu J, Wang L, Yang P, Liu Z, Rajput SA, Hassan M, Qi D. Epigallocatechin gallate and glutathione attenuate aflatoxin B1-induced acute liver injury in ducklings via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and the Nrf2 signalling pathway. Toxins (Basel), 2022; 14:1–14; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120876

Wu J. Tackle the free radicals damage in COVID-19. Nitric Oxide, 2020; 102:39–41; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2020.06.002

Wu JH, Miao W, Hu LG, Batist G. Identification and characterization of novel Nrf2 inducers designed to target the intervening region of keap1. Chem Biol Drug Des, 2010; 75:475–80; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.00955.x

Wu M, Wu X, Zhu J, Li F, Wei X, Wang Y. Selenium-enriched and ordinary green tea extracts prevent high blood pressure and alter gut microbiota composition of hypertensive rats caused by high-salt diet. Food Sci Hum Wellness, 2022; 11:738–51; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fshw.2021.12.031

Xie LW, Cai S, Zhao TS, Li M, Tian Y. Green tea derivative (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) confers protection against ionizing radiation-induced intestinal epithelial cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med, 2020; 161:175–86; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. freeradbiomed.2020.10.012

Yan Z, Zhong Y, Duan Y, Chen Q, Li F. Antioxidant mechanism of tea polyphenols and its impact on health benefits. Anim Nutr, 2020; 6:115–23; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.01.001

Yang GZ, Wang ZJ, Bai F, Qin XJ, Cao J, Lv JY, Zhang M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects HUVECs from PM2.5-induced oxidative stress injury by activating critical antioxidant pathways. Molecules, 2015; 20:6626–39; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20046626

Yousefi T, Moazami HR. Water radiolysis by gamma –irradiation for high quality synthesis of nickel oxide nano sheet. J Nanostruct, 2019; 9:141–5; https://doi.org/10.22052/JNS.2019.01.015

Zahra KF, Lefter R, Ali A, Abdellah EC, Trus C, Ciobica A, Timofte D. The involvement of the oxidative stress status in cancer pathology: a double view on the role of the antioxidants. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021; 2021; https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9965916

Zanchi MM, Manfredini V, Brum D, dos S, Vargas LM, Spiazzi CC, Soares MB, Izaguirry AP, Santos FW. Green tea infusion improves cyclophosphamide-induced damage on male mice reproductive system. Toxicol Rep, 2015; 2:252–60; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.016

Zhao P, Alam MB, Lee SH. Protection of UVB-induced photoaging by fuzhuan-brick tea aqueous extract via MAPKs/Nrf2- mediated down-regulation of MMP-1. Nutrients, 2019; 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010060

Zhao T, Li C, Wang S, Song X. Green tea (Camellia sinensis): a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Molecules, 2022; 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123909

Zhao H, Zhu W, Jia L, Sun X, Chen G, Zhao X, Li X, Meng X, Kong L, Xing L, Yu J. Phase I study of topical epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant radiotherapy. Br J Radiol, 2016; 89:20150665; https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150665

Zhu W, Jia L, Chen G, Zhao H, Sun X, Meng X, Zhao X, Xing L, Yu J, Zheng M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates radiation-induced acute skin damage in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. Oncotarget, 2016; 7:48607–13; https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.9495

Zwolak I. Epigallocatechin gallate for management of heavy metal-induced oxidative stress: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and concerns. Int J Mol Sci, 2021; 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084027

Article Metrics

1 Absract views 3 PDF Downloads 4 Total views

   Abstract      Pdf Download

Related Search

By author names

Citiaion Alert By Google Scholar

Name Required
Email Required Invalid Email Address

Comment required