INTRODUCTION
Zoning policy applies to relocating existing community pharmacies or allocating new pharmacies. Zoning in community pharmacies has been widely practiced in many countries to distribute pharmacies in urban and rural areas to increase pharmacy services accessibility [1–3]. For instance, in Australia, pharmacists must apply to the Secretary of the Department of Health to relocate an existing pharmacy or locate a newly opened pharmacy [4]. In Malaysia, there was a recommendation on zoning policy in the Community Pharmacy Benchmarking Guidelines 2011 and 2015 [5]. Nevertheless, currently zoning in community pharmacies is not mandatory by legislation in Malaysia [6].
The absence of a zoning policy caused the unequal distribution of community pharmacies. In Malaysia, there are instances of new community pharmacies opening near an existing pharmacy, particularly in urban areas. Nevertheless, there is a lack of pharmacies in rural areas [7]. The concern about urban-rural inequalities in the accessibility of community pharmacies has been raised since the year 2012 by the former Health Minister of Malaysia [8]. In the year 2018, the community pharmacies to population ratio of urbanized areas such as Kuala Lumpur was 1:4,830. Meanwhile, in the state of Sabah, with more rural areas, the number of populations served per community pharmacy was 20,032 [9]. Some rural residents might need to travel far to reach the pharmacy [7]. Thus, ensuring the equity of access to pharmacy services in the community is important.
The lack of a mechanism to control the oversaturation of pharmacies in urban areas is a major challenge for community pharmacy practices in Malaysia. Community pharmacists are exposed to excessive market competition and face pressure in community pharmacy management [10]. Besides, the absence of a medicine price control policy in Malaysia further aggravates price competition. Excessive medicine price competition leads to shrinkage of profit margin [10]. The erosion of pharmacies’ profit margins will likely reinforce the attention on commercial viability at the expense of professionalism [11]. The business aspect of community pharmacy had overwhelmed the professional practices [12], and less attention was paid to providing professional pharmacy services. The enactment of pharmacy location through zoning policy is one of the approaches to combat the issue. The community pharmacists’ insights into pharmacy zoning are very useful in charting future zoning policies. However, very limited studies have been conducted in Malaysia on the issue of pharmacy zoning. Therefore, This study aims to assess community pharmacists’ in-depth opinions regarding the zoning of community pharmacies in Malaysia.
METHODS
Participants
This was a semistructured qualitative study involving face-to-face interviews. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit community pharmacists from the list of the Pharmaceutical Service Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, for this exploratory study. The inclusion criteria were the full-time registered community pharmacists working in all five districts (Seberang Perai Utara, Seberang Perai Tengah, Seberang Perai Selatan, Barat Daya, and Timur Laut) in the state of Penang, Malaysia. The sample size of the participants was stopped at the occurrence of the saturation point at which no new data appeared from the interview. The determination of the sample size of this qualitative study was in accordance with the method by Bowen [13].
Instruments
Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview guide (Table 1). The guide was prepared after an extensive literature review and validated by three pharmacy academicians from the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, and three community pharmacists in Penang. Periodic interim analyses of the collected data and revisions of the semistructured interview guide were carried out to facilitate the subsequent interviews and boost the richness of the data.
Procedure
The interview of community pharmacists was carried out solely by the first author from April to June 2021. The prospective respondents were initially contacted through phone calls to obtain consent and an appointment was made prior to the interview. Each interview took an average of 10 to 30 minutes and was conducted face-to-face with the venue determined by the participants or synchronized by using Google Meet due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim by the first author. A random selection of transcripts was checked for accuracy by the second author and no significant discrepancy was detected. The transcripts were subsequently returned to respondents for comments and corrections.
 | Table 1. Semi-structured interview guide for community pharmacists. [Click here to view] |
Ethical consideration
This study was granted ethical approval from The Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia (Ethics approval number: KKM/NIHSEC/P20-913). Written consent was also obtained from the participants prior to the interviews.
Data analysis
The transcribed data were coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti version 8, for emergent themes using thematic analysis as recommended by Braun and Clarke [14]. The data identified were tested for constant comparison to find repeated patterns of meaning. The conclusion was made when no new themes were identified, and saturation of ideas was achieved.
RESULTS
A total of 12 interviews (pharmacist 1 to pharmacist 12) with community pharmacists aged 27 to 48 years old in Penang were successfully completed. Data collection was terminated after data saturation had been reached, as no new information was forthcoming from the interviews. The demographic characteristics of the respondents are shown in Table 2. A total of five themes were identified from the thematic content analysis of the interviews (Fig. 1).
Theme 1: Influence of saturation in community pharmacies on the professional community pharmacy services
The respondents perceived that the high saturation of pharmacies in an area would cause intense medicine price competition. Consumers tend to compare prices of medicines in nearby pharmacies and consider bargaining for lower prices as more important than better pharmacy services. Consequently, it might affect the quality of professional pharmacy services (Table 3).
Theme 2: Challenges of community pharmacies in rural areas
The respondents viewed that pharmacists in rural areas need more effort to educate residents with lower education levels. Some respondents perceived that rural residents have lower buying power, leading to fewer business transactions in rural pharmacies. Besides, the respondents expressed concern about delaying the medicine stock supply to rural pharmacies due to logistic problems (Table 3).
Challenges in recruiting staff in rural areas were another view of the respondents. Additionally, the respondents addressed that pharmacists might not favor working in rural areas as they are far away from their living places, families, and friends. Thus, pharmacists might need to pay extra traveling costs. Besides, rural areas have lesser availability of education for their children (Table 3).
Theme 3: Impact of zoning on community pharmacies
A few respondents agreed that the zoning policy would improve pharmacy accessibility, especially in rural areas. By distancing the pharmacies apart, competition will reduce, and the respondents foresee that this can minimize the price competition among pharmacies. Thus, pharmacists and consumers will switch their focus from price concerns to professional pharmacy services (Table 3).
Nevertheless, some respondents perceived that zoning policy would not improve the quality of pharmaceutical care. The respondents worried that when pharmacists are in the comfort zone of lowered competition, they will not improve their performance of professional services. Besides, some respondents anticipated that the prices of medicines and health supplements might increase after the competition is reduced after implementing the zoning policy. The concern about the pharmacy monopoly resulting from the zoning policy implementation was also raised by a respondent (Table 3).
Theme 4: Community pharmacist’s readiness toward pharmacy zoning
A few respondents from established chain pharmacies stated that they were ready for the implementation of the zoning policy. Meanwhile, a respondent believed that zoning could only happen after the implementation of dispensing separation policy for patients’ convenience. Currently, in Malaysia, the separation of prescribing and dispensing is absent between private doctor clinics and community pharmacies (Table 3).
 | Table 2. Demographics and characteristics of the responding community pharmacists. [Click here to view] |
 | Figure 1. Thematic map. [Click here to view] |
Theme 5: Strategies for implementation of zoning policy
The respondents proposed a few strategies to encourage the establishment of new pharmacies in rural areas. A few respondents advocated some incentive funding and tax reduction by the government to reduce the financial burden of rural pharmacies. The respondents also suggested referring prescriptions to rural pharmacies or implementing dispensing separation policy to ensure the sustainability of rural pharmacies. Additionally, in the planning of zoning in pharmacies, the respondents suggested that the policymakers should consider population density in both rural and urban areas (Table 3).
DISCUSSION
This was among the first qualitative studies in Malaysia which assess community pharmacists’ opinions regarding zoning policy in depth. The idea of the zoning policy is to prevent new community pharmacies from opening near an existing pharmacy, especially in urban areas [15,10]. The present study was conducted in Penang, an urbanized state in Malaysia with high saturation of pharmacies due to the absence of a pharmacy zoning policy [8]. The opinion of practicing pharmacists in highly saturated areas is valuable for planning zoning policy. As the respondents face high market competition, they would provide ideas to address the challenges. The insight unearthed from this qualitative study can serve as the baseline data for a future nationwide quantitative study on issues around pharmacy zoning.
The study’s respondents acknowledge that the high saturation of pharmacies has the disadvantage of aggressive competition, leading to a ruinous price war. A study by Ridley et al. [16] in the United States showed that price wars will happen when companies are closer to rivals. The impacts are often disastrous as market players utilize aggressive low prices, considering potential short-term losses to win the market share. The diminished profit margin will cause a shift of focus from professional pharmaceutical services to pricing. Due to aggressive competition, more than 80% of the community pharmacists from a study in Sabah state, Malaysia, stated that the business aspect of community pharmacy had overwhelmed the professional practice aspects [12]. Thus, immediate action of zoning by limiting the entry of new pharmacies into an area is needed to reduce the price competition.
The respondents acknowledged barriers to the implementation of zoning policy. They were concerned about the lack of pharmacists willing to establish their retail business in rural areas due to a few challenges. Firstly, low health awareness of rural residents caused more time and effort to promote health awareness by the pharmacists. The finding was consistent with a previous survey in China whereby poor health awareness occurred among rural residents and they preferred simple or traditional ways of receiving health knowledge [17]. A previous study in Australia also revealed longer time spent by pharmacists in consultation with rural residents [18]. Besides, a study in the United States showed that rural pharmacists did provide more pharmacy services, such as medication counseling, than those in urban areas [19]. Meanwhile, the Malaysian government does not impose consultation fees for community pharmacists’ counseling and consultation services [20]. A lack of consultation fees could hinder Malaysian pharmacists from providing services in rural areas. Therefore, a proper reimbursement structure for pharmacy consultation services is urgently needed to encourage Malaysian pharmacists to establish retail stores in rural areas.
 | Table 3. Community pharmacists’ opinion of zoning policy in community pharmacy. [Click here to view] |
A few respondents claimed lower daily business transaction is another challenge for rural pharmacies as it threatened their survival. Overall, rural areas are sparsely populated [21]. The residents have lower socio-economy status and purchasing power [22], which might lead to lesser daily business transactions in private pharmacies. Besides, it is a common practice for rural residents in Malaysia to visit government health clinics and obtain free or subsidized medications supply [9]. Consequently, the diminished profit has threatened the sustainability of rural private community pharmacies. Within this context, the Malaysian government could consider employing rural community pharmacies to dispense minor ailment medicines and supply partially subsidized medicine to rural pharmacies. These strategies could encourage more rural residents to visit community pharmacies and subsequently compensate for the loss of profit among the pharmacies.
Poor rural road conditions and transportation were logistic shortcomings for the development of rural community pharmacies, as viewed by the respondents. Longer delivery times of stocks order to rural pharmacies were anticipated because many sub-urban areas and villages remain isolated from urban centers or from a highway of good quality [23]. This is consistent with a study from the United States which revealed that rural pharmacists complained that distance and limited transportation options are a barrier to accessibility compared to their urban counterparts [23]. Consequently, delays in stock arrival can seriously impact the business as it causes loss of sales, delayed cash flow, and loss of customers and affects pharmacists’ credibility [24]. The government’s effort to improve rural road infrastructure is needed to enable connectivity between rural and urban areas.
In this study, the respondents commented that pharmacists faced difficulty recruiting a pharmacy assistant or locum pharmacist in rural areas. A previous study in Sarawak, Malaysia, found similar findings that community pharmacists faced difficulties in recruiting competent auxiliary staff with sufficient basic education and skills, especially in rural areas [10]. Recruiting pharmacists to isolated communities can be a daunting and expensive task in rural private community pharmacies [25]. The respondents in the study emphasized that pharmacists from urban areas refused to work in rural areas as they needed to travel far and live away from families and friends. This finding was supported by a qualitative study on the challenges of rural pharmacies in Australia, which found that fear and unfamiliarity of rural areas were identified to be a barrier for pharmacists to relocate rurally for work [26]. Therefore, improving rural-urban road connectivity and providing extra allowances for rural pharmacists by the government can be strategies to encourage more community pharmacists to work in rural areas [26].
The respondents agreed on an advantage of the zoning policy, which is the improvement in the quality of pharmacy services by reducing medicines price competition. The claim is aligned with a study in Malaysia that stated price war had diluted professionalism in pharmacy practice [27]. The aggressive competition occurred in areas with high saturation of community pharmacies and caused intense market price competition. Consequently, consumers and community pharmacists who overemphasize price competition often disregard the quality of pharmacy services [12,28]. Pharmacists spend lots of their time adjusting the selling price of their pharmacy products to attract consumers. Without the establishment of dispensing fee policy in Malaysia, the profit margin from sales in community pharmacies is vital for ensuring business survival [12]. Thus, the slim profit margin discouraged pharmacists from providing pharmacy consultations. As described by a qualitative study among community pharmacists in Malaysia, the respondents complained that lack of time and profitability were the barriers limiting pharmacists’ involvement in health promotion activities [29]. Therefore, remuneration systems with dispensing fees in pharmacy services and zoning regulations are among the strategies to release the high competition between pharmacies, which were implemented in developed countries such as Australia and Canada [12,28].
Zoning in community pharmacies has disadvantages, as mentioned by respondents in this study. The respondents expressed concern that the reduction in competition after the zoning of pharmacies might lead to the monopoly of certain pharmacies and increased prices of medicines. The respondents’ point of view was relatively consistent with a previous study which showed that monopoly power increased with reduced market competition and eventually market price level will rise [30]. The phenomenon is prominent with improperly allocating large chain pharmacies in a highly profitable urban area with fewer competitors [30]. The market price might increase when large chain pharmacies dominate an area. Therefore, the zoning policy should be cautiously implemented with proper selection criteria for the allocation of pharmacies in urban areas to avoid the above-mentioned challenges.
A pharmacist in this study expressed a specific view that the zoning policy must follow the implementation of the dispensing separation policy. The pharmacist viewed that zoning policy is required only when patients need to assess a community pharmacy nearby a clinic to fill their prescription medicines. Nevertheless, this finding contrasts with a previous study conducted among the Malaysian public to assess their views of dispensing separation policy [31]. The Malaysian public generally viewed that the zoning policy to allocate pharmacies nearby clinics should be prioritized before the dispensing separation policy is implemented. The public felt inconvenienced to visit two places for medical care, especially when the closest pharmacy was not within the vicinity of the visited clinic [31]. Hence, community pharmacy accessibility needs to be improved by zoning policy before dispensing separation policy implementation. Furthermore, in certain countries such as Australia and Iran, zoning policy has been successfully implemented and dispensing separation between private clinics and community pharmacies [15,32].
The respondents have suggested a few strategies to help establish zoning policies, particularly in rural areas. An example provided is reviewing incentives for rural pharmacies. This is consistent with the idea of the former Malaysian Health Minister, who was considering providing incentives to encourage pharmacists to set up pharmacies in rural areas [33]. Besides, there are different types of rural pharmacies’ incentives implemented in other countries, which could be considered by the Malaysian government. In Columbia, for instance, the incentive is provided to rural pharmacies, which are the sole pharmacy store in the community and the next nearest pharmacy is at least 25 km away [34]. Besides, incentive strategy such as initial capital was invested by the Ministry of Health for the purchase of medicines in newly operated rural pharmacies in Kyrgyzstan [35].
The respondents agreed that zoning policy has the advantage of ensuring equality of health services accessibility in rural and urban areas. In Malaysia, uneven distribution of community pharmacies was found throughout the country due to the absence of a zoning policy [36]. Another study in the Kyrgyz Republic showed that community pharmacies are always saturated in more densely populated cities without zoning policies but are sparsely distributed in rural regions [35]. The respondents in this study proposed that the population to be served is an important factor to be considered when implementing zoning policy. This recommendation is consistent with the zoning legislation in the Europe region in allocating new pharmacies, whereby the population should benefit from universal and appropriate access to community pharmacies through proper community pharmacy planning [37]. For instance, the zoning legislation in Spain set the distance between pharmacies based on a population ratio of 1: 2,800 people. Meanwhile, in Belgium, zoning in pharmacies must fulfill the ratio of 1: 2,000 people in small municipalities and 1: 3,000 people in larger municipalities [38]
LIMITATIONS
The study was conducted among community pharmacists in urban areas. The lack of respondents from rural areas was a limitation of this study. Besides, consumers’ opinions should be collected in future studies as they are the main stakeholder in the healthcare system.
CONCLUSION
The study indicated a positive response among community pharmacists toward zoning in pharmacies. The recommendation suggested by the pharmacists needs to be given in-depth consideration by both health policymakers and professional healthcare organizations for the betterment of shaping the zoning policy in Malaysian community pharmacies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks are due to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Baharudin Ibrahim from the Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, for his involvement in this study’s methodology and early state. The authors would like to acknowledge Wan Lee Koay from City Wellness Pharmacy for her assistance in this study.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors made substantial contributions to the conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
This study was supported by External Agency Grant from the Malaysian Pharmacists Society (Penang Branch). The grant number is 304/PFARMASI/6501102/M164.
CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
ETHICAL APPROVALS
This study was granted ethical approval from The Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia (Ethics approval number: KKM/NIHSEC/P20-913).
DATA AVAILABILITY
All data generated and analyzed are included in this research article.
PUBLISHER’S NOTE
This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation.
REFERENCES
1. California State Board of Pharmacy. Law book for pharmacy California. Chapter 9, Division 2.Sacramento, U S, California State Board of Pharmacy; 2021.
2. Casey M, Klingner J, Moscovice I. Access to rural pharmacy services in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Rural Health Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States, 2001 [Online]. [cited 2021 Oct 10]. Available from: http://rhrc.umn.edu/wp-content/files_mf/workingpaper036.pdf
3. Macdonald LH. 1075 Bay Street zoning amendment application—final report. Toronto and East York District Community Planning, Toronto, Canada, 2006 [Online]. [cited 2012 Oct 10]. Available from:https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2021/te/bgrd/backgroundfile-167827.pdf
4. Department of Health and Aged Care. New or relocating pharmacy. Australian Government, Canberra, Australia, 2021 [Online]. [cited 2021 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/acpa
5. Malaysian Pharmacists Society. Forum on zoning of community pharmacy. Malaysian Pharmacists Society, Puchong, Malaysia, 2018 [Online]. [cited 2020 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.mps.org.my/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid=37&action=view&retrieveid=7635
6. Wong PM. Move to increase pharmacies in Malaysian’s rural areas. The Star, 2013 [Online]. [cited 2020 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/02/25/move-to-increase-pharmacies-in-rural-areas
7. Leong PC, Ibrahim B, Chong CP, Koey WL. Consumers’ perspective on overview of zoning policy in community pharmacy: a qualitative study in Malaysia. Azerbaijan Med J. 2022;62(8):3885–97.
8. Pharmacy Service Program. Farmasi komuniti di Malaysia. Ministry of Health Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, 2020 [Online]. [cited 2021 Feb 1]. Available from:https://public.tableau.com/profile/farmasi#!/vizhome/FarmasiKomunitidiMalaysia/Negeri
9. Tew MM, Hatah E, Arif F, Abdul Wahid MA, Bakry MM, Abdul Maulad KN. Geospatial analysis of distribution of community pharmacies and other health care facilities providing minor ailments services in Malaysia. J Pharm Policy Pract, 2021;14:24.
10. Kho BP, Hassali MA, Lim CJ, Saleem F. Challenges in the management of community pharmacies in Malaysia. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2017;15(2):933.
11. Hassali MA, Tan CS, Wong ZY, Saleem F, Alrasheedy AA. Pharmaceutical pricing in Malaysia. In: Babar ZUD editor. Pharmaceutical prices in the 21st century. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2015.
12. Mathews A, Ming LC, Che Rose FZ, Abbas SA. Cross-sectional study on the impact of discount pricing and price competition on community pharmacy practice. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9903.
13. Bowen GA. Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: a research note. Qual Res. 2008;8(1):137–52.
14. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77–101.
15. Department of Health and Aged Care. Pharmacy location rules - Applicant ’s handbook, Version 1.3.Canberra, Australia: Department of Health and Aged Care; 2022.
16. Ridley DB, Sloan FA, Song Y. Retail zoning and competition. Working Paper, North California, United State, 2010 [Online]. [cited 2023 Apr 28]. Available via https://users.nber.org/~confer/2008/si2008/PERE/ridley.pdf
17. Yuan F, Qian DF, Huang CL, Tian M, Xiang Y, He Z, et al. Analysis of awareness of health knowledge among rural residents in Western China. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:55.
18. Howarth HD, Peterson GM, Jackson SL. Does rural and urban community pharmacy practice differ? a narrative systematic review. Int J Pharm Pract. 2020;28(1):3–12.
19. Scott DM, Strand M, Undem T, Anderson G, Clarens A, Liu X. Assessment of pharmacists’ delivery of public health services in rural and urban areas in Iowa and North Dakota. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2016;14(4):836.
20. Tan BS, Goh AWL, Chong CP. Utilization of non-prescription medicines in minor ailments management: a nationwide study undertaken among Malaysian community pharmacists. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2020;10(3):59–66.
21. Smailes PJ, Argent N, Griffin TLC. Rural population density: its impact on social and demographic aspects of rural communities. J Rural Stud. 2002;18(4):385–404.
22. Agriculture and Rural Development. Modernising and simplifying the cap. Socio-economic challenges facing EU agriculture and rural areas. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 2017 [Online]. [cited 2021 Jan 11]. Available from: https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2018-05/soc_background_final_en_0.pdf
23. Martin SL, Baker RP, Piper BJ. Evaluation of urban-rural differences in pharmacy practice needs in Maine with the MaPPNA. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2015;13(4):669.
24. Ranjan J, Puri S. Out of stock conditions affecting customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. J Bus Retail Manag Res. 2012;6(2):38–52.
25. Stratton TP. The economics of rural health: the economic realities of rural pharmacy practice. J Rural Health. 2001;17(2):77–81.
26. Hays CA, Taylor SM, Glass BD. The rural pharmacy practice landscape: challenges and motivators. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:227–34.
27. Tan CS, Hassali MA, Saleem F. A qualitative exploration of perceptions towards pharmaceutical price war among community pharmacies in the state of Penang, Malaysia. Value Health. 2013;16(3):A204–5.
28. Arruñada B. Managing competition in professional services and the burden of inertia. In: Ehlermann C, Atanasiu I, editors. European competition law annual 2004: the relationship between competition law and the (liberal) professions. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing; 2006.
29. Hassali MA, Palaian S, Shafie AA, Ibrahim MI. Perceptions and barriers towards provision of health promotion activities among community pharmacists in the State of Penang, Malaysia. J Clin Diagn Res, 2009b;3:1562–8.
30. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Land use restrictions as barriers to entry. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, 2008 [Online]. [cited 2021 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/41763060.pdf
31. Kenny K, Madhavan P. Dispensary separation: perceptions of the public visiting primary care clinics in Malaysia. Malaysian J Pharm Sci. 2018;16(1):23–35.
32. Zaboli P, Hashemi-Meshkini A, Varmaghani M, Gholami H, Vazirian I, Zekri HS, et al. Pharmaceutical laws and regulations in Iran: an overview. J Res Pharm Pract. 2016;5(3):155–61
33. Anonymous. Health Ministry mulls incentives for opening community pharmacies. The Star, 2013 [Online]. [cited 2021 Feb 1]. Available from: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/02/24/health-ministry-mulls-incentives-for-opening-community-pharmacies
34. British Columbia Ministry of Health. Application for pharmacare rural incentive program. British Columbia Ministry of Health, Victoria, Canada, 2020 [Online]. [cited 2021 Feb 15]. Available from:https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health/forms/5384fil.pdf
35. Waning B, Maddix J, Tripodis Y, Laing R, Leufkens HG, Gokhale M. Towards equitable access to medicines for the rural poor: analyses of insurance claims reveal rural pharmacy initiative triggers price competition in Kyrgyzstan. Int J Equity Health. 2009;8:43.
36. Hassali MA, Awaisu A, Shafie AA, Saeed MS. Professional training and roles of community pharmacists in Malaysia: views from general medical practitioners. Malaysian Fam Physician. 2009a;4(2-3):71–6.
37. World Health Organization. The legal and regulatory framework for community pharmacies in the WHO European region. WHO Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Denmark, 2019 [Online]. [cited 2023 Apr 27]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326394/9789289054249-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
38. Arentz O, Wambach A, Recker C, Anh VV. Entry in German pharmacy market. Otto-Wolff-Discussion Paper, No. 02/2016. Otto-Wolff-Institut für Wirtschaftsordnung, Köln, Germany, 2016 [Online]. [cited 2021 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/145984/1/852496737.pdf