Bibliometric analysis of antibacterial activity of Centella asiatica: A study based on Scopus database

INTRODUCTION

Nearly every place on Earth contains bacteria, including the human body. Bacteria are found on the skin, nose, mouth, throat, vagina, and gut. Some bacteria are pathogenetic. Numerous mechanisms are used by pathogenic bacteria to wreak harm on human hosts (Wilson, 2002). One of the immunological defenses against bacterial infection is formed by human skin. Numerous bacteria can come into contact with or settle on the skin (Aljamali et al., 2021). They typically wait until the skin is damaged before getting access to the underlying tissue (Sharma et al., 2021). The condition of infection and the ability of bacteria to replicate depend on whether the skin damage is classified as inflamed, colonized, localized/critically colonized, or invasively spread (Sharma et al., 2021). When bacterial skin infections do arise, they can affect any part of the body, either a small patch or the full surface. They may be mild or potentially fatal, depending on their severity (Ki and Rotstein, 2008).

Natural compounds with antibacterial activity can be thought of as possible natural antibiotics (Pancu et al., 2021). Many natural compounds have been reported to have antibacterial activity (Tafroji et al., 2022), for example, Centella asiatica (Chauhan et al., 2009; Nasution et al., 2018; Restuati and Diningrat, 2018). Common names for C. asiatica include Asiatic pennywort and Gotu kola (Shukurova et al., 2021). It is a member of Umbelliferae family (Apiaceae) (Gohil et al., 2010; Shukurova et al., 2021) and a native plant from Southeast Asia (Chandrika and Prasad Kumara, 2015; Orhan, 2012). Phytosterols, triterpenoid saponins, genin triterpenoids, essential oils, and flavonoids are only a few of C. asiatica active components (Irham et al., 2019).

Tracking literature for a pertinent topic has been challenging for researchers due to the recent rapid growth in the volume of research work. Therefore, bibliometric analysis methods were used to handle this vast amount of data (Zupic and ?ater, 2015). A bibliometric study is usually used to assess the quality and quantity of published papers in order to identify trends in a given topic of study (Zuraidi et al., 2022). Large amounts of scientific data were investigated and analyzed by using bibliometric software, such as Visualization of Similarities viewer (VOSviewer), and scientific databases, such as Scopus (Donthu et al., 2021). A bibliometric study had been conducted using Derwent Data Analyzer to investigate papers on the subject of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that were obtained from the Web of Science between 2010 and 2020 (Sun et al., 2022). In the other studies, VOSviewer was used to determine the top 100 articles on the subject of antibiotics that were gathered from the Web of Science (Arshad et al., 2020). In this study, bibliometric analysis was conducted to explore papers related to the antibacterial activity of C. asiatica in order to help other researchers in finding prospects for future study, prospects for collaboration with other institutions or authors, and impacted journals for publication of any study on this topic.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data collection

Published papers about C. asiatica as an antibacterial agent were collected from Scopus database on November 10, 2022. Scopus database was chosen because it is a more thorough and larger database than the Web of Science, and it is beneficial both in keyword searching and citation analysis (Bamel et al., 2020; Effendi et al., 2021; Falagas et al., 2008). Google Scholar was not used since its poor data quality raises concerns about its usefulness for research evaluation (Mongeon and Paul-Hus, 2016). Data collection was performed by the following search: [TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Centella asiatica”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (antibacteria*) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (antimicrobia*)]. The double quotation marks indicate a loose or approximate phrase. The asterisk or star-shaped symbol stands for any combination of characters in Scopus data syntax (Ha et al., 2020). The search was limited to title, abstract, and keywords. The range of years was not determined.

Figure 1. Flowchart of study methodology. [Click here to view]

RESULTS

Publication trends

Among 235 of the collected published papers related to the antibacterial activity of C. asiatica, only 89 papers met the inclusion criteria (Table 1). All selected papers included 72 journals and 376 authors. The oldest paper was published in 1997 by Fitoterapia entitled “Antibacterial activity of Centella asiatica” (Srivastava et al., 1997). The most recent paper was published in 2022 by the Research Journal of Pharmacognosy about the antimicrobial properties of C. asiatica and other plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Tavakoli et al., 2022).

The number of publications on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica fluctuated over the years (Fig. 2). Between 1998 and 2002, and in 2013, there was no published paper on this topic. In 2020, scientists were expected to become more interested in this topic based on the increasing number of papers. The largest number of publications occurred in 2021 with 12 papers.

Table 1. Selected papers from early to recent years. [Click here to view]

Contribution by countries and their collaborations

Twenty-seven countries performed a research study on the antibacterial activity of C. asiatica in 89 papers that were selected for this study. The number of papers by the most productive country in the field of the topic is presented in Table 2. The countries in the Asia continent dominated the list. The most productive country was India with 36 papers. It means India has made a noteworthy contribution to this topic compared to the rest of the countries. The second-most productive country was Malaysia with 15 papers, followed by Indonesia and Thailand with 10 papers. Thailand came with the highest average number of citations (AC) among the most productive countries, followed by the United Kingdom.

Figure 2. Publication trends on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. [Click here to view]

Table 2. The most productive countries on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. [Click here to view]

Figure 3. The network visualization of co-authorship analysis of countries on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. [Click here to view]

The collaborations of countries were visualized using co-authorship analysis with countries as the unit of analysis on VOSviewer. The minimum number of papers and the minimum number of citations for a country were set at 1 and 0, respectively. The network visualization result of collaboration between countries that contributed to the research study on the antibacterial activity of C. asiatica is shown in Figure 3. Among 27 countries, the largest connected countries only consisted of nine: India, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Ethiopia, Bahrain, and Turkey. India had the greatest number of links, which was 6. Therefore, India came out as the country with the biggest collaboration. It collaborated with Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Malaysia, Ethiopia, Bahrain, and Turkey.

Analysis of authors and their bibliographical coupling network

Of the 89 selected papers, 376 authors contributed to the studies of the antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. Only 13 authors published more than 1 paper; the highest number of papers per author was 2. It indicated the number of researchers who focused on this topic was low.

Table 3. The most productive affiliations on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. [Click here to view]

Table 4. The most productive journals on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. [Click here to view]

The most productive authors are presented in Table 5. They were affiliated with colleges in India (6), Thailand (3), Indonesia (2), and Malaysia (2). This is connected to the Southeast Asian region, where C. asiatica originated (Chandrika and Prasad Kumara, 2015; Orhan, 2012). By knowing the author’s name, affiliation, and country of origin, other researchers interested in this topic can create and promote research collaboration (Arifah et al., 2021).

A bibliographical coupling of authors was performed to analyze the authors who published two papers that cited the same third paper (Perianes-Rodriguez et al., 2016) and stated in coupling strength (Ma et al., 2022). A higher coupling strength indicates more shared citations between the two papers (Ma et al., 2022). The minimum number of papers for an author was set to 2. Thirteen authors met the criterion, but the largest set of linked authors consisted of only 8 authors.

The outcome of the network visualization of bibliographical coupling based on the authors’ studies is shown in Figure 4. Three clusters were obtained. The clusters indicated that there was a relationship between the authors (Effendi et al., 2021). Clusters 1, 2, and 3 were represented with red, green, and blue nodes, respectively. Cluster 1 consisted of Diky Setya Diningrat, Martina Restuati, and Varahalarao Rao Vadlapudi. Cluster 2 consisted of Parichat Phumkhachorn, Pongsak Rattanachaikunsopon, and Patchanee Yasurin. Cluster 3 consisted of Suzita Ramli and Junxian Wong. Due to the fact that each author had two papers, the bubble sizes are all the same.

There were 17 links among the authors. Each link has a strength representing the number of cited references that the two papers share (van Eck and Waltman, 2022). Patchanee Yasurin has the greatest number of links, which are linked to Parichat Phumkhachorn, Pongsak Rattanachaikunsopon, Diky Setya Diningrat, Martina Restuati, Suzita Ramli, and Junxian Wong. It indicated that Patchanee Yasurin’s papers and those authors’ shared some cited references in common. His first paper investigated the impact of C. asiatica’s solvent extraction on its chemical composition and antibacterial activity against various microbial pathogens (Rattanakom and Yasurin, 2015). It was similar to his linked authors’ papers. The variants came from testing microorganisms, plant components, and solvent extractions (the brief of the study is presented in Table 5). Meanwhile, his second paper investigated the antibacterial activity of gelatin nanoparticles loaded with C. asiatica chloroform extract (Kesornbuakao et al., 2018).

Table 5. The most productive authors on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. [Click here to view]

Keyword co-occurrence network

The co-occurrence analysis of keywords was conducted to determine which one frequently occurred. It will help researchers spot the most popular topics and emerging trends in a field. In a paper, two words that cooccur quite often may have a stronger connection than other word pairs (Romero and Portillo-Salido, 2019). The author keyword was chosen as the unit of analysis. Of the 89 selected papers, there were 286 keywords provided by the authors. The minimum number of occurrences of a keyword was set at 2. Thirty-four keywords met the threshold, but only 32 keywords made up the largest set of linked keywords. Figure 5 shows the mapping of the co-occurrence analysis of these 32 connected keywords. “Centella asiatica” had the most links, with 21 links. The co-occurrence strength between two keywords is represented by the thickness of the link line and it is directly proportional (Feng and Chen, 2020). “Centella asiatica” had a thicker link with both “antibacterial” and “antimicrobial activity” than the other keywords that connected to “Centella asiatica.” It related to the searches performed on the data collection. The keyword “Centella asiatica” was also connected to “wound healing”, “antioxidant activity”, “antifungal”, and “antibiofilm”, which indicated other pharmacological activities of C. asiatica. It had also been investigated in several studies.

Figure 4. The network visualization of bibliographic coupling of authors on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. [Click here to view]

The top seven keywords in selected papers on the topic of the antibacterial activity of C. asiatica were “Centella asiatica,” “antibacterial activity,” “antimicrobial activity,” “medicinal plants,” “antibacterial,” “antimicrobial,” and “antioxidant” (Table 7). In the early years, the terms such as “antimicrobial activity,” “apiaceae,” “disc diffusion,” and “plant extract” tended to appear frequently in author keywords. In contrast, “Staphylococcus aureus,” “wound healing,” “chitosan,” “cyclic voltammetry,” and “photocatalysis” appeared in recent years, indicating that they have been the current research hotspots.

The term “chitosan” was used in two papers that investigated the use of chitosan and C. asiatica in bilayer patches against Propionibacterium acnes (Kuo et al., 2021) and in hydrogel as a wound dressing (Wang et al., 2021). This showed that the recent research topic of the antibacterial activity of C. asiatica has included the formulation strategy. In view of the antibacterial activity of C. asiatica already explored in several solvent extractions (aqueous, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform) and bacteria (Nasution et al., 2018), the formulation strategy remains promising to be explored and followed by in vivo preclinical and clinical trials of the developed products. For example, the in vivo preclinical or clinical trial of developed products of wound dressing containing C. asiatica extract (either using aqueous, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, or other solvent extractions) for diabetes wounds or burns can be explored.

Table 6. Top five cited papers on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. [Click here to view]

Figure 5. The largest set of connected author keywords on the topic of antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. (a) The mapping of VOSviewer network visualization. (b) The mapping of VOSviewer overlay visualization. [Click here to view]

Table 7. Top seven keywords with the highest frequency of occurrence. [Click here to view]

CONCLUSION

This study found a fluctuating number of papers related to the topic between 1997 and 2022. General information about the papers was also provided, including the most productive country (India), the most collaborating country (India), the most productive affiliation (Ubon Ratchathani University), the most productive journal (Journal of Ethnopharmacology), the most cited paper (Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract and analysis of their antimicrobial properties by Logeswari et al. [2015]), and the most frequent keyword (“Centella asiatica”). Furthermore, information from the keyword co-occurrence network revealed that the formulation approach has been studied recently concerning the antibacterial activity of C. asiatica. The formulation strategy of C. asiatica as an antibacterial agent, followed by its in vivo preclinical and clinical trials, remains a promising study to be explored in order to adopt phytomedicine as a therapeutic option.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study was funded by Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta through Hibah Integrasi Tri Dharma (HIT).

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors made substantial contributions to the conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All the authors are eligible to be an author as per the international committee of medical journal editors (ICMJE) requirements/guidelines.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors report no financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work.

ETHICAL APPROVALS

This study does not involve experiments on animals or human subjects.

DATA AVAILABILITY

All data generated and analyzed are included in this research article.

PUBLISHER’S NOTE

This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation.

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