Molecular modeling, synthesis, and evaluation of 1-(4-methoxybenzofuran-5-yl)-3-phenylpropane-1, 3-dione for its anxiolytic potentiality

Synthesis of MPD

MPD was synthetically prepared in the study in optimized laboratory condition (Kumar et al., 2016; Mohammad, 2016). The process of substituted benzofuran with an assessment of risks is designed with an intention to make it robust, productive, cost-effective, and efficient and delivers a consistent quality. The route of synthesis is designed in the laboratory scale to meet the process requirements. The process flow chart of the final method has been illustrated as follows for the synthesis of MPD (Fig. 1). The compound was purified in column chromatography using silica gel as stationary phase and suitable solvent system. The compound has good solubility in alcohols, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and toluene dichloromethane. The compound was dried in rotavapor under a vacuum. Chromatographic purity (95.66%) of the compound was ensured in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). It is an off white powder with a melting point of 125^oC. All the products synthesized in the route were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Mass (Kumar et al., 2016). The products were easily interpreted, and they showed stretching and bending of the functional groups as in FTIR and peaks as in NMR and Mass spectrophotometer. The reaction % yield of the process is 57%. The synthesized compound was subjected to the screening of anxiolytic activity.

Software used

Schrödinger-10.6 software Protein Preparation Wizard; LLC, New York, NY, Glide Schrödinger, LLC; New York, NY.

Experimental animals

The pharmacological experiments were performed on the laboratory animals such as male Swiss albino mice weighing 20–30 g as per the norms of the Institutional Ethics Committee. The animals were kept in clean polypropylene cages in a maintained environment of temperature (22 ± 5°C), humidity (45%–55%), and 12-hours light–dark cycle with proper access to the standard diet of mice pellet and water. Post acclimatization, they were separated into five groups, each group with six mice. The experimental protocol has been approved by the institutional animal ethics committee (NIET/IAEC/2011/01/11; CPCSEA Reg. No.1845/PO/Re/S/16/CPCSEA).

Effect of MPD on gross behavior of mice

Swiss albino mice were kept under observation of their behavior for 15 days. The different behavioral changes such as righting reflex, pinna reflex, corneal reflex, muscle tone, motor activity and traction test, stereotyped behavior, awareness. The individual behavior was monitored at different time intervals to record an appropriate change. These were monitored through laboratory equipment following conventional methodology (Kumar et al., 2019).

Effect of MPD on locomotor activity of mice

In this experiment, mice weighing about 20–30 g were considered. Six animals were placed in a group, and five groups were made. Actophotometer was turned on and verified for its working condition of its photocells. Each animal was placed in the instrument for 10 minutes. The basal activity score was noted. Group 1 was considered with Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (1% solution) as control, group 2 administered with diazepam 2 mg/kg) as standard, and groups 3, 4, and 5 were administered with MPD orally as test drug with a dose of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. After 30 minutes or administration, each animal was retested for its basal activity scores (Ghosh, 1984; Turner, 1965).

Figure 1. Process map for synthesis of MPD. [Click here to view]

Anxiolytic activity of MPD using elevated plus maze

The elevated plus maze consists of two open arms and two enclosed arms placed opposite to each other. These arms have a dimension of 50 × 10 × 40 cm with an open roof. The maze was placed at a height of 50 cm. Six mice were taken in a group, and five groups were made. Group 1 was considered as control and administered with DMSO (1% solution), group 2 administered with diazepam (2 mg/kg) as standard drug, and groups 3, 4, and 5 were administered with MPD as test drug with a dose of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. After administration, the rat was placed in the center of maze facing the enclosed arms. The animals were observed for time spent in open arm and a number of entries to open arms and closed arms for 5 minutes on the elevated plus maze (Ghosh, 1984; Turner, 1965).

Docking studies of MPD for its anxiolytic activity

For a better understanding of binding mode of MPD at the molecular level, molecular docking simulations of MPD were carried out at the GABA_A protein receptor catalytic ligand-binding site (PDBID: 4COF). The docking of MPD was performed using Maestro, version 9.4 implemented from the Schrodinger software suite. The ligands were sketched in 3D format using a build panel and were prepared for docking using LigPrep application. The protein for docking study was taken from Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 4COF) and prepared by removing a solvent, adding hydrogen, and further minimizing the presence of bound ligand (BEN) using protein preparation wizard. Grids for molecular docking were generated with a bound co-crystallized ligand. For the validation of docking parameters, the co-crystal ligand (BEN) was re-docked at the catalytic site of protein, and the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) between co-crystal and re-docked pose was found to be 0.49 A. MPD was docked using Glide extraprecision mode, with up to three poses saved per molecule. The docking studies were performed using a Glide module of the Schrodinger-10.6 software on the GABA_A receptor (PDB id: 6CM4). The calculations of docking were carried out using the constraint grid protocol through grid points. The binding site was defined with the confinement of the translations of the mass at the center of co-crystallized ligand. All the default parameters were used, which were considered during grid generation. Glide constraints are receptor protein, and ligand interactions favor binding with receptor. This is dependent on the structural or biochemical data of the protein setting constraints that enable Glide to screen out ligands, conformations that do not meet the examining criteria before docking (Katsila et al., 2016).

The work for the present study was performed on the Windows-7 operating system installed on Hewlett-Packard (HP) compact desktop. The virtual screening was performed on Schrodinger molecular modeling suite, and a validation (Kumar et al., 2016) was done on GOLD 5.1 software (Friesner et al., 2006; Jones et al., 1997).

Database preparation

The database is prepared for virtual screening using databases which includes from the National Cancer Institute database, Molecular Diversity Preservation International database, Maybridge Hit Finder database, Drug Bank database, and Knowledge Base database. The National Cancer Institute database and Drug Bank database release nearly 265,242 compounds that were used for virtual screening. The databases were downloaded from their respective websites, whereas knowledge-based database was developed in house through thorough sketching of compounds those reported already with little alterations using maestro graphical user interface of Schrödinger. Hence, the ligands from downloaded databases are stored and imported to Schrödinger project table as 3D format (Viswanadhan et al., 1989).

Screening of databases

Molecular modeling for docking in Schrödinger includes three steps that include Glide high-throughput virtual screening docking, Glide standard precision docking, and Glide extra precision docking. Glide high-throughput virtual screening docking is intended for the rapid screening based on similarity in terms of shape with the active site. Glide standard precision docking and Glide extra precision docking use a series of hierarchical filters to search for possible locations of the ligand in the active site of target protein. Compounds (~256,000) obtained after Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) filtration were subjected to Glide high-throughput virtual screening docking, and ~12,800 hits identified were subjected to glide extra precision docking (Viswanadhan et al., 1989).

Effect of MPD on gross behavior of mice

For the behavioral study, the results showed that the drug has a less depressant effect on reflexes. The drug was found to have muscle relaxant property as well as have a depressant effect on locomotor activity, which were well comparable to that of MPD and the standard drug chlorpromazine. In pharmacological screening, the animals treated with MPD were observed to have a potential inhibitory effect on catalepsy in mice suggesting its depressant effect on Central Nervous System (CNS). Although there was less effect on the reflexes, MPD was found to have a prominent inhibition in stereotaxic behavior and so causes muscle relaxation which was observed from the traction test. MPD from the pharmacological evaluation illustrates that it certainly possesses anxiolytic activity.

Effect of MPD on the locomotor activity of mice

The synthesized compound MPD was subjected to observe its effect on CNS by using actophotometer. The changes in the activity of animals were observed before and after the administration of MPD and the standard drug in actophotometer. The results of the actophotometer are shown in Table 1. The activity of the animals was found to be reduced by the administration of MPD and the standard drug diazepam. MPD showed a significant activity reduction in a dose-dependent manner which supported its CNS-depressant activity. It was observed that MPD was having more potential activity reduction than that of the standard drug diazepam.

Anxiolytic activity of MPD using elevated plus maze

In the present study, the elevated plus maze was used to observe the anxiolytic activity of the targeted compound MPD. Time spent on each animal in open and enclosed arms was noted. The results of the elevated plus maze are shown in Table 2. It has been observed that MPD showed a significant increase in the number of entries to open arm. The animals were found to spend more time in the open arm than the control group. It has also been observed that MPD at 100 mg/kg (9.25 ± 1.89) found to have a well comparable anxiolytic activity than that of the standard drug diazepam (9.25 ± 1.89).

Docking studies of MPD for its anxiolytic activity

The docking studies of MPD were performed to get a better comprehension of the GABA_A receptor inhibitory potency at the molecular level and to shed light on the interactions in the active site of GABA_A receptor (Figs. 2–6). The docking studies were performed using the Glide module of the Schrodinger-9.4 software on the GABA_A receptor (PDB id: 4COF). The redocking of reference ligand (Diazepam) into the active site of GABA_A receptor enzyme reveals that it occupies the same binding pocket with RMSD of 0.41A, which further validates the present docking protocol. Docking results revealed that the highest docking score bound tightly in the active site of GABA_A receptor and makes a hydrogen bond with the backbone of amino acid residue vizAla201 and Thr202. Furthermore, on the docking analysis of the highest docking score compound with standard ligand (diazepam) by superimposition, it gave the same interaction pattern of binding with the catalytic domain of GABA_A receptor enzyme. The highest docking score was observed to be −3.22) than the diazepam (−3.21) against GABA_A receptor.

Figure 2. Binding interaction of highest docking score against GABAA receptor (Pdbid-4COF). [Click here to view]

Figure 3. Ligplot of highest docking score against GABAA Receptor (Pdbid- 4COF). [Click here to view]

Table 1. Effect of MPD on the locomotor activity of mice using actophotometer. [Click here to view]

Table 2. Anxiolytic effect of MPD using elevated plus maze apparatus on mice. [Click here to view]

Figure 4. Binding interaction of standard diazepamagainst GABAA (Pdbid- 4COF). [Click here to view]

Figure 5. Ligplot of standard diazepam against GABAA receptor (Pdbid-4COF). [Click here to view]

Figure 6. Superimposition of compound highest docking score (Green) with standard diazepam (Cyan) against GABAA receptor (PDBID-4COF). [Click here to view]