Research Article | Volume: 9, Supplement 1, March, 2019

Potential protection from Alzheimer’s disease by wheat germ and rice bran nano-form in rat model

Attia A. Yaseen Sahar Y. Al-Okbi Ahmed M. S. Hussein Doha A. Mohamed Ayman A. Mohammad Karem A. Fouda Fathy M. Mehaya   

Open Access   

Published:  Mar 10, 2019

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.S108
Abstract

The protective effect of nano-wheat germ (NWG) and nano-rice bran (NRB) was evaluated in Alzheimer’s like disease (AD) model associated with dyslipidemia in rats. Both NWG and NRB were analyzed for phenolic compounds, fatty acids, tocopherols, and B-vitamins. Plasma lipid profile and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), brain oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, as well as nutritional parameters, were assessed. The results showed linoleic acid as the major fatty acid while linolenic acid was <7% of the total fatty acids. Alpha, gamma, and delta tocopherols were present in both powders; the alpha form was of the highest level. Ferulic, sinapic, and vanillic were the predominant phenolic acids, while rutin and kaempferol were the major flavonoids in both powders. Animal experiment showed the induction of significant dyslipidemia and elevation of plasma BChE and brain oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in AD control rats with associated dyslipidemia (AD-DL) compared with normal control. Body weight and food intake were reduced significantly in AD-DL rats compared with normal control. When AD rats were fed on a dyslipidemic diet supplemented with 30% of either NWG or NRB; all the studied biochemical and nutritional parameters showed significant improvement with different degrees compared with AD-DL control. NWG powder was more promising than NRB.


Keyword:     Alzheimer’s like model nano-wheat germ nano-rice bran brain biochemistry butyrylcholinesterase food chemistry.


Citation:

Yaseen AA, Al-Okbi SY, Hussein AMS, Mohamed DA, Mohammad AA, Fouda KA, Mehaya FM. Potential protection from Alzheimer’s disease by wheat germ and rice bran nano-form in rat model. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2019; 9(S1):067–076.

Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

HTML Full Text

Reference

Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol, 1984; 105:121–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3

Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging, 2000; 21:383–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00124-X

Al-Okbi SY, Ammar NM, Mohamed DA, Hamed IM, Desoky AH, El-Bakry HF, Helal AM. Egyptian rice bran oil: chemical analysis of the main phytochemicals. La Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse, 2014a; 91:47–58.

Al-Okbi SY, Mohamed DA, Abdel Fatah M, Abdel Aal K, Mohammed SE. Evaluation of plant food extracts in experimental model of Alzheimer's like disease induced by aluminum lactate in rats. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2017; 7:70–6.

Al-Okbi SY, Mohamed DA, Hamed IM, Agoor FS, Ramadan AMA, El-Saed SH, Helal AM. Comparative study on Egyptian rice bran extracted by solvents and supercritical CO2. Adv Food Sci, 2013; 35:23–9.

Al-Okbi SY, Mohamed DA, Hamed TE, Esmail RS. Rice bran oil and pumpkin seed oil alleviate oxidative injury and fatty liver in rats fed high fructose diet. Polish J Food Nutr Sci, 2014b; 64:127–33. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjfns-2013-0002

Barone E, Calabrese V, Mancuso C. Ferulic acid and its therapeutic potential as a hormetin for age-related diseases. Biogerontology, 2009; 10:97–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-008-9160-8

Bertram L, Tanzi RE. Thirty years of Alzheimer's disease genetics: the implications of systematic meta-analyses. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2008; 9:768–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2494

Bitra VR, Rapaka D, Mathala N, Akula A. Effect of wheat grass powder on aluminum induced Alzheimer's disease in Wistar rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2014; 7 S1:278–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60246-7

Bonda DJ, Lee HG, Blair JA, Zhu X, Perry G, Smith MA. Role of metal dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's disease. Metallomics, 2011; 3:267–70. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0mt00074d

Brandolini A, Hidalgo A. Wheat germ: not only a by-product. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2012; 1:71–4. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2011.633898

Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, Arrighi HM. Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement, 2007; 3:186–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.381

Burstein M, Scholnick HR, Morfin R. Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 1980; 40:583–95.

Casserly I, Topol E. Convergence of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease: inflammation, cholesterol, and misfolded proteins. Lancet, 2004; 363:1139–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15900-X

Castorina A, Tiralongo A, Giunta S, Luisa Carnazza M, Scapagnini G. Early effects of aluminum chloride on beta-secretase mRNA expression in a neuronal model of b-amyloid toxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol, 2010; 26:367–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-009-9149-3

Cherif O, Allouche F, Chabchoub F, Chioua M, Soriano E, Ya-ez M, Cacabelos R, Romero A, López MG, Marco-Contelles J. Isoxazolotacrines as non-toxic and selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem, 2014; 6(17):1883–91. https://doi.org/10.4155/fmc.14.115

Choi HJ, Byun MS, Yi D, Choe YM, Sohn BK, Baek HW, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Han JY, Yoon EJ, Kim YK, Woo JI, Lee DY. Association between serum triglycerides and cerebral amyloidosis in cognitively normal elderly. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2016; 24(8):604–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.03.001

Christofides K, Menon R, Jones CE. Endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors and their ligands: Is there a role in metal trafficking? Cell Biochem Biophys, 2018; 76(3):329–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-018-0850-9

Dangour AD, Whitehouse PJ, Rafferty K, Mitchell SA, Smith L, Hawkesworth S, Vellas B. B-vitamins and fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis, 2010; 22:205–24. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-090940

Dias HK, Brown CL, Polidori MC, Lip GY, Griffiths HR. LDL-lipids from patients with hypercholesterolaemia and Alzheimer's disease are inflammatory to microvascular endothelial cells: mitigation by statin intervention. Clin Sci (Lond), 2015; 129:195–206. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20150351

Fawcett JK, Scott JE. A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. J Clin Pathol, 1960; 13:156–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.13.2.156

Hagl S, Grewal R, Ciobanu I, Helal A, Khayyal MT, Muller WE, Eckert GP. Rice bran extract compensates mitochondrial dysfunction in a cellular model of early Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 2015; 43:927–38. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-132084

Houot O. Kinetic determination of creatinine. In: Henny J, Siest G, Schiele F, Young DS (eds.). Interpretation of clinical laboratory tests. Biomedical Publications, California, pp 220–34, 1985.

Hu N, Yu JT, Tan L, Wang YL, Sun L, Tan L. Nutrition and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Res Int, 2013; doi: 10.1155/2013/524820 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/524820

Jayant S, Sharma BM, Sharma B. Protective effect of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) modulator, against behavioral, biochemical and structural damage in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res, 2016; 1642:397–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.022

Justin TA, William TR, Manivasagam T, Janakiraman U, Mohamed EM. Hesperidin ameliorates cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis against aluminium chloride induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci, 2017; 20(6):360–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2016.1144846

Kandimalla R, Vallamkondu J, Corgiat EB, Gill KD. Understanding aspects of aluminum exposure in Alzheimer's disease development. Brain Pathol, 2016; 26:139–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12333

Kim KH, Tsao R, Yang R, Cui SW. Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of wheat bran extracts and the effect of hydrolysis conditions. Food Chem, 2006; 95:466–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.01.032

Kim DH, Yoon BH, Jung WY, Kim JM, Park SJ, Park DH. Sinapic acid attenuates kainic acid-induced hippocampal neuronal damage in mice. Neuropharmacol, 2010; 59:20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.03.012

Kumar GS, Krishna AG. Studies on the nutraceuticals composition of wheat derived oils wheat bran oil and wheat germ oil. J Food Sci Technol, 2015; 52:1145–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1119-3

Kuo YC, Lin CC. Rescuing apoptotic neurons in Alzheimer's disease using wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated and cardiolipin-conjugated liposomes with encapsulated nerve growth factor and curcumin. Int J Nanomedicine, 2015; 10:2653–72. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S79528

Lee HE, Kim DH, Park SJ, Kim JM, Lee YW, Jung JM, Lee CH, Hong JG, Liu X, Cai M, Park KJ, Jang DS, Ryu JH. Neuroprotective effect of sinapic acid in a mouse model of amyloid β1–42 protein-induced Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2012a; 103:260–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.08.015

Lee YY, Park HM, Lee CK, Kim SL, Hwang T, Choi MS, Kwon Y, Kim WH, Kim SJ, Lee SC, Kim YH. Comparing extraction methods for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in seeds and germinating seeds of soybean transformed with OsHGGT. J Food Comp Anal, 2012b; 27:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2012.03.010

Li G, Lee MJ, Liu AB, Yang Z, Lin Y, Shih WJ, Yang CS. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of tocopherols are independent of Nrf2 in mice. Free Radic Biol Med, 2012; 52:1151–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.005

Lin MT, Beal MF. Alzheimer's APP mangles mitochondria. Nat Med, 2006; 12:1241–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1106-1241

Ludy FE, Barford RA, Riemenschneider RW. Direct conversion of lipid components to their fatty acid methyl esters. J Am Oil Chemists Soc, 1960; 37:447–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02631205

Madhavadas S, Kutty BM, Subramanian S. Amyloid beta lowering and cognition enhancing effects of ghrelin receptor analog [D-Lys (3)] GHRP- 6 in rat model of obesity. Indian J Biochem Biophys, 2014; 51:257–62.

Mancuso C, Santangelo R. Ferulic acid: pharmacological and toxicological aspects. Food Chem Toxicol, 2014; 65:185–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.024

Mates M. Effects of antioxidant enzymes in the molecular control of reactive oxygen species toxicology. Toxicol, 2000; 153:83–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00306-1

Megraw R, Dunn D, Biggs H. Manual and continuous flow colorimetry of triglycerols by a fully enzymatic method. Clin Chem, 1979; 25:273–84.

Michaud M, Balardy L, Moulis G, Gaudin C, Peyrot C, Vellas B, Cesari M, Nourhashemi F. Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2013; 14:877–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.009

Mohammad AA, Yousif EI, Yaseen AA, Gdallah MG, Shouk AA, Abdel Fatah AA. Physico-chemical and functional properties of nano and fermented-nano powders of some food plant by-products. Curr Sci Int, 2015; 4:503–14.

Morris MC. The role of nutrition in Alzheimer's disease: epidemiological evidence. Eur J Neurol, 2009; 16:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02735.x

Mushtaq G, Greig NH, Khan JA, Kamal MA. Status of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2014; 13(8):1432–9. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527313666141023141545

Olajide OJ, Yawson EO, Gbadamosi IT, Arogundade TT, Lambe E, Obasi K, Lawal IT, Ibrahim A, Ogunrinola KY. Ascorbic acid ameliorates behavioural deficits and neuropathological alterations in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2017; 50:200–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.010

Pasinetti GM, Wang J, Porter S, Ho L. Caloric intake, dietary lifestyles, macronutrient composition, and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Int J Alzheimers Dis, 2011; Available via https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ ijad/2011/806293/; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21808725. doi: 10.4061/2011/806293 https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/806293

Pratico D, Clark CM, Lee VM. Increased 8, 12-iso-iPF2α- VI in Alzheimer's disease: correlation of a non-invasive index of lipid peroxidation with disease severity. Ann Neurol, 2000; 48:809–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(200011)48:5<809::AID-ANA19>3.0.CO;2-9

Prema A, Justin Thenmozhi A, Manivasagam T, Mohamed Essa M, Guillemin GJ. Fenugreek seed powder attenuated aluminum chloride-induced tau pathology, oxidative Stress, and inflammation in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 2017; 60(s1):S209–20. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161103

Reitman S, Frankel S. Colorimetric methods for aspartate and alanine aminotransferase. Am J Clin Path, 1957; 28:55–60.

Satoh K. Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clinica Chimica Acta, 1978; 20:37–43.

Schriewer H, Kohnert U, Assmann G. Determination of LDL cholesterol and LDL apolipoprotein B following precipitation of VLDL in blood serum with phosphotungstic acid/MgCl2. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 1984; 22:35–40. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.1984.22.1.35

Sgarbossa A, Giacomazza D, di Carlo M. Ferulic acid: a hope for Alzheimer's disease therapy from plants. Nutrients, 2015; 7:5764–82. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075246

Smith DG, Cappai R, Barnham KJ. The redox chemistry of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta peptide. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2007; 1768:1976–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.002

Steele M, Stuchbury G, Münch G. The molecular basis of the prevention of Alzheimer's disease through healthy nutrition. Exp Gerontol, 2007; 42:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2006.06.002

Stepaniak JA, Gould KE, Sun D, Swanborg RH. A comparative study of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis and DA rats. J Immunol, 1995; 155:2762–9.

Subash S, Essa MM, Al-Asmi A, Al-Adawi S, Vaishnav R, Braidy N, Manivasagam T, Guillemin GJ. Pomegranate from Oman alleviates the brain oxidative damage in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Tradit Complement Med, 2014; 4:232–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.139107

Takagi D, Hirano H, Watanabe Y, Edahiro A, Ohara Y, Yoshida H, Kim H, Murakami K, Hironaka S. Relationship between skeletal muscle mass and swallowing function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 2016; 17(3):402–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12728

Tamaoka A. Dyslipidemia and dementia. Brain Nerve, 2016; 68:737–42.

Tanino H, Shimohama S, Sasaki Y, Sumida Y, Fujimoto S. Increase in phospholipase C-δ1 protein levels in aluminum-treated rat brains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2000; 271:620–5. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.2679

Tuppo EE, Arias HR. The role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2005; 37:289–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.07.009

Vaisi-Raygani A, Rahimi Z, Kharazi H, Tavilani H, Aminiani M, Kiani A, Vaisi-Raygani A, Pourmotabbed T. Determination of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) phenotypes to predict the risk of prolonged apnea in persons receiving succinylcholine in the healthy population of western Iran. Clin Biochem, 2007; 40:629–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.01.018

Vinas P, Lopez-Erroz C, Balsalobre N, Hernandez-Cordoba M. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography on an amide stationary phase for the determination of the B group vitamins in baby foods. J Chromatography A, 2003; 1007:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00977-4

Watson D. A simple method for the determination of serum cholesterol. Clin Chem Acta, 1960; 5:637–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(60)90004-8

Wells SR, Jennings MH, Rome C, Hadjivassiliou V, Papas KA, Alexander JS. Alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols reduce inflammatory angiogenesis in human microvascular endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem, 2010; 21:589–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.03.006

Younas A, Bhatti S, Ahmed A, Randhawa MA. Effect of rice bran supplementation on cookie baking quality. Pak J Agric Sci, 2011; 48:129–34.

Yu Z, Wu S, Zhao W, Ding L, Fan Y, Shiuan D, Liu J, Chen F. Anti-Alzheimers activity and molecular mechanism of albumin-derived peptides against AChE and BChE. Food Funct, 2018; 9(2):1173–8. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7FO01462G

Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS, Stone SV, Gustafson D, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Breitner JC. Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study. Arch Neurol, 2004; 61(1):82–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.1.82

Zulet MA, Macarulla MT, Portillo MP, Noel-Suberville C, Higueret P, Martínez JA. Lipid and glucose utilization in hypercholesterolemic rats fed a diet containing heated chickpea (Ciceraretinum L.): a potential functional food. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1999; 69:403–11. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.69.6.403

Article Metrics
568 Views 89 Downloads 657 Total

Year

Month

Related Search

By author names