Synthesis of pH Responsive Hydrogel Matrices from Guar gum and Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylamidoglycolicacid) for Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery

G. Viswanatha Reddy; N. Sivagangi Reddy; K. Nagaraja; K.S.V. Krishna Rao

doi:10.7324/JAPS.2018.8813

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Abstract

Guar gum (GG) is one of the widely available and naturally occurring polymers; it has a wide range of applications in medicine, pharmacy, food, textile and scores of other industrial and commercial sectors due to its rheological adjusting properties. In this paper a pH-responsive GG/poly(acrylamide-co-acrylamidoglycolicacid) (PGAGA) hydrogel matrices were successfully synthesized via simple redox polymerization and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide used as cross-linker. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is an anticancer drug and it has been loaded into the PGAGA hydrogel matrices via the in-situ method. Pristine as well as 5-FU loaded PGAGA hydrogel matrices have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR and DSC studies have demonstrated that 5-FU is distributed in molecular level throughout the PGAGA hydrogel matrices during in situ loading. Morphology of PGAGA hydrogel matrices was measured by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. The swelling kinetics of hydrogel matrices were performed in double distilled water and the equilibrium selling is performed at various pH solutions. In vitro release of 5-FU from the PGAGA hydrogel matrices were studied at pH 1.2 and 7.4.

Keyword: Guar gum Anti-Cancer 5-fluorouracil Hydrogels Drug Release.

Citation:

Reddy GV, Reddy NS, Nagaraja K, Rao KSVK. Synthesis of pH Responsive Hydrogel Matrices from Guar gum and Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylamidoglycolicacid) for Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery. J App Pharm Sci, 2018; 8(08): 084-091.

Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Arias JL. Novel strategies to improve the anticancer action of 5-fluorouracil by using drug delivery systems, Molecules, 2008; 13:2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13102340
Arkenau H, Bermann A, Rettig K, Strohmeyer G, Porschen R. 5-Fluorouracil plus leucovorin is an effective adjuvant chemotherapy in curatively resected stage III colon cancer: long-term follow-up results of the adjCCA-01 trial. Ann. Oncol, 2003; 14:395. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg100
Bayliss CE, Houston AP. Degradation of guar gum by faecal bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986; 48:626.
Chacko RT, Ventura J, Zhuang J, Thayumanavan S. Polymer nanogels a versatile nanoscopic drug delivery platform. Adv Drug Delivery Rev, 2012; 64:836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.02.002
Chandra Sekhar E, Krishna Rao KSV, MadhuSudana Rao K, Eswaramma K, Ramesh Raju SR. Development of Gelatin-Lignosulfonic acid Blend Microspheres for ControlleRelease of an Anti-Malarial Drug (Pyronaridine). Indian J Adv Chem Sci, 2014; 3:25.
Depani BP, Naik AA, Nair HA. Preparation and evaluation of chitosan based thermoreversible gels for intraperitoneal delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Acta Pharm, 2013; 63:479. https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2013-0033
Dürig T, Fassihi R. Guar-based monolithic matrix systems: effect of ionizable and nonionizable substances and excipients on gel dynamics and release kinetics. J. Control. Release, 2002; 80:45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00546-6
Garcia O, Trigo RM, Blanco MD, Teijon JM. Influence of degree of crosslinking on 5-fluorouracil release from poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels. Biomaterials, 1994; 15:689. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(94)90167-8
Ho YC, Mi FL, Sung HW, Kuo PL, Heparin-functionalized chitosan-alginate scaffolds for controlled release of growth factor. Int J Pharm, 2009; 376:69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.048
Hoare TR, Kohane DS. Hydrogels in drug delivery Progress and challenges. Polymer, 2008; 49:1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.027
Huang L, Kerns RJ. Diversity-oriented chemical modification of heparin Identification of charge-reduced N-acyl heparin derivatives having increased selectivity for heparin-binding proteins. Bioorg. Med. Chem, 2006; 14:2300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.013
Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana S, Prasad RYV, Rao SN. Gammascintigraphic studies on guargum matrix tablets for colon-specific drug delivery in healthy subjects. J. Control. Rel, 1998; 55:245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(98)00057-1
Lakshmi Narayana Reddy C, Krishna Rao KSV, Rama Subba Reddy P, Subha MCS, Christophe, Sodium Alginate-g-Acrylamide and PEG Blend Beads: Development and Controlled Release of Enalapril Maleate. Indian J Adv. Chem. Sci., 2014; 2:82-189
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Li L, Moon HT, Park JY, Heo YJ, Choi Y, Tran TH, Lee Yk, Kim SY, Huh KM. Heparin-based self-assembled nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Macromol. Res, 2011; 19:487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-011-0505-9
Mallikarjuna B, Madhusudana Rao K, Sudhakar P, Chowdoji Rao K, Subha MCS. Chitosan Based Biodegradable Hydrogel Microspheres for Controlled Release of an Anti HIV Drug. Indian J Adv. Chem. Sci, 2013; 1:144.
Mihye K, Ji Youn L, Caroline NJ, Alexander R, Giyoong T. Heparin-based hydrogel as a matrix for encapsulation and cultivation of primary hepatocytes. Biomaterials, 2010; 31:3596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.068
Minekus M, Jelier M, Xiao JZ, Kondo S, Iwatsuki K, Kokubo S, Bos M, Dunnewind B, Havenaar R. Effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) bioaccessibility of fat and cholesterol. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem, 2005; 69:932. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.932
Mousa SA, Petersen LJ. Thromb. Anti-cancer properties of low-molecular-weight heparin: preclinical evidence. Haemostasis, 2009; 102:258. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH08-12-0832
Mudgil D, Barak S, Khatkar BS. Guar gum: processing, properties and food applications a Review. J. food Sci. Technol, 2014; 51:409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0522-x
Najaf Iqbal Dure, Akbar Hussain Erum. Physiochemical and pharmaceutical properties of Guar gum derivatives. Report and Opinion, 2010; 2:10.
Naoi S, Hatakeyama T, Hatakeyama H. Phase transition of locust beangum-, tara gum- and guar gum-water system. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim, 2002; 70:841. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022260304686
Neufeld L, Bianco-Peled H. Pectin-chitosan physical hydrogels as potential drug delivery vehicles. Int J Biol Macromol, 2017; 101:852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.167
Oh JK, Drumright R, Siegwart DJ, Matyjaszewski K. The development of microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Prog Polym Sci, 2008; 33:448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.01.002
Prabhanjan H, Gharia MM, Srivastava HC. Guar gum derivatives. Part I Preparation and properties. J Carbohydrate Polymers, 1989; 11(4):279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(89)90003-9
Pulat M, Eksi H. Determination of swelling behaviour and morphological properties of poly(acrylamide-coitaconic acid) and poly(acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid) copolymeric hydrogels. J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 2006; 102(6):5994. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25182
Reddy NS, Rao KK. Polymeric hydrogels: recent advances in toxic metal ion removal and anticancer drug delivery applications. Indian J. Adv. Chem. Sci, 2016; 4:214.
Ritger PL, Peppas NA, Simple equation for description of solute release. Part 1 Fickian and non Fickian release from non swellable devices in the form of slab, spheres, cylinders or disk. J Control Release, 1987; 5:23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(87)90034-4
Santi DV, McHenry CS, Raines RT, Ivanetich KM. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the interaction of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate with thymidylate synthase. Biochemistry, 1987; 26:8606. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00400a017
Siepmann J, Peppas NA. Modeling of drug release from delivery systems based on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, Adv Drug Delivery Rev, 2001; 48:139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00112-0
Siva Prasad S, Madhusudhana Rao K, Rama Subba Reddy P, Sivagangi Reddy N, Krishna Rao KSV, Subha MCS. Synthesis and Characterisation of Guar Gum-g-Poly(Acrylamidoglycolic acid) by Redox Initiator. Indian J Adv Chem Sci, 2012; 1:28.
Veerapratap S, Prabhakar MN, Chandrasekhar M, Kumarababu P, Maruthi Y, Subha MCS, Song JL, Chowdoji Rao K, Preparation of Biodegradable Polymeric Blend Microspheres of Soy Protein Isolate/Guar Gum and Release Studies of Tolterodine Drug. Indian J Adv. Chem. Sci., 2015; 3:171-177.
Wang Q, PREllis SB. Ross murphy. Dissolution kinetics of guar gum powders-II. Effects of concentration and molecular weight. J Carbohydrate Polym, 2003; 53(1):75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00009-2

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Ahmed EMJ. Hydrogel Preparation, characterization, and applications. A review. Adv. Res, 2015; 6:105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006

Arias JL. Novel strategies to improve the anticancer action of 5-fluorouracil by using drug delivery systems, Molecules, 2008; 13:2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13102340

Arkenau H, Bermann A, Rettig K, Strohmeyer G, Porschen R. 5-Fluorouracil plus leucovorin is an effective adjuvant chemotherapy in curatively resected stage III colon cancer: long-term follow-up results of the adjCCA-01 trial. Ann. Oncol, 2003; 14:395. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg100

Bayliss CE, Houston AP. Degradation of guar gum by faecal bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986; 48:626.

Chacko RT, Ventura J, Zhuang J, Thayumanavan S. Polymer nanogels a versatile nanoscopic drug delivery platform. Adv Drug Delivery Rev, 2012; 64:836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.02.002

Chandra Sekhar E, Krishna Rao KSV, MadhuSudana Rao K, Eswaramma K, Ramesh Raju SR. Development of Gelatin-Lignosulfonic acid Blend Microspheres for ControlleRelease of an Anti-Malarial Drug (Pyronaridine). Indian J Adv Chem Sci, 2014; 3:25.

Depani BP, Naik AA, Nair HA. Preparation and evaluation of chitosan based thermoreversible gels for intraperitoneal delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Acta Pharm, 2013; 63:479. https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2013-0033

Dürig T, Fassihi R. Guar-based monolithic matrix systems: effect of ionizable and nonionizable substances and excipients on gel dynamics and release kinetics. J. Control. Release, 2002; 80:45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00546-6

Garcia O, Trigo RM, Blanco MD, Teijon JM. Influence of degree of crosslinking on 5-fluorouracil release from poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels. Biomaterials, 1994; 15:689. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(94)90167-8

Ho YC, Mi FL, Sung HW, Kuo PL, Heparin-functionalized chitosan-alginate scaffolds for controlled release of growth factor. Int J Pharm, 2009; 376:69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.048

Hoare TR, Kohane DS. Hydrogels in drug delivery Progress and challenges. Polymer, 2008; 49:1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.027

Huang L, Kerns RJ. Diversity-oriented chemical modification of heparin Identification of charge-reduced N-acyl heparin derivatives having increased selectivity for heparin-binding proteins. Bioorg. Med. Chem, 2006; 14:2300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.013

Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana S, Prasad RYV, Rao SN. Gammascintigraphic studies on guargum matrix tablets for colon-specific drug delivery in healthy subjects. J. Control. Rel, 1998; 55:245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(98)00057-1

Lakshmi Narayana Reddy C, Krishna Rao KSV, Rama Subba Reddy P, Subha MCS, Christophe, Sodium Alginate-g-Acrylamide and PEG Blend Beads: Development and Controlled Release of Enalapril Maleate. Indian J Adv. Chem. Sci., 2014; 2:82-189

Li H, Yu T, Li S, Qin L, Ning J. Preparation and drug-releasing properties of chitosan-based thermosensitive composite hydrogel. J. Korean Chem. Soc, 2012; 56:473. https://doi.org/10.5012/jkcs.2012.56.4.473

Li L, Moon HT, Park JY, Heo YJ, Choi Y, Tran TH, Lee Yk, Kim SY, Huh KM. Heparin-based self-assembled nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Macromol. Res, 2011; 19:487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-011-0505-9

Mallikarjuna B, Madhusudana Rao K, Sudhakar P, Chowdoji Rao K, Subha MCS. Chitosan Based Biodegradable Hydrogel Microspheres for Controlled Release of an Anti HIV Drug. Indian J Adv. Chem. Sci, 2013; 1:144.

Mihye K, Ji Youn L, Caroline NJ, Alexander R, Giyoong T. Heparin-based hydrogel as a matrix for encapsulation and cultivation of primary hepatocytes. Biomaterials, 2010; 31:3596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.068

Minekus M, Jelier M, Xiao JZ, Kondo S, Iwatsuki K, Kokubo S, Bos M, Dunnewind B, Havenaar R. Effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) bioaccessibility of fat and cholesterol. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem, 2005; 69:932. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.932

Mousa SA, Petersen LJ. Thromb. Anti-cancer properties of low-molecular-weight heparin: preclinical evidence. Haemostasis, 2009; 102:258. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH08-12-0832

Mudgil D, Barak S, Khatkar BS. Guar gum: processing, properties and food applications a Review. J. food Sci. Technol, 2014; 51:409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0522-x

Najaf Iqbal Dure, Akbar Hussain Erum. Physiochemical and pharmaceutical properties of Guar gum derivatives. Report and Opinion, 2010; 2:10.

Naoi S, Hatakeyama T, Hatakeyama H. Phase transition of locust beangum-, tara gum- and guar gum-water system. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim, 2002; 70:841. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022260304686

Neufeld L, Bianco-Peled H. Pectin-chitosan physical hydrogels as potential drug delivery vehicles. Int J Biol Macromol, 2017; 101:852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.167

Oh JK, Drumright R, Siegwart DJ, Matyjaszewski K. The development of microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Prog Polym Sci, 2008; 33:448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.01.002

Prabhanjan H, Gharia MM, Srivastava HC. Guar gum derivatives. Part I Preparation and properties. J Carbohydrate Polymers, 1989; 11(4):279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(89)90003-9

Pulat M, Eksi H. Determination of swelling behaviour and morphological properties of poly(acrylamide-coitaconic acid) and poly(acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid) copolymeric hydrogels. J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 2006; 102(6):5994. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25182

Reddy NS, Rao KK. Polymeric hydrogels: recent advances in toxic metal ion removal and anticancer drug delivery applications. Indian J. Adv. Chem. Sci, 2016; 4:214.

Ritger PL, Peppas NA, Simple equation for description of solute release. Part 1 Fickian and non Fickian release from non swellable devices in the form of slab, spheres, cylinders or disk. J Control Release, 1987; 5:23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(87)90034-4

Santi DV, McHenry CS, Raines RT, Ivanetich KM. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the interaction of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate with thymidylate synthase. Biochemistry, 1987; 26:8606. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00400a017

Siepmann J, Peppas NA. Modeling of drug release from delivery systems based on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, Adv Drug Delivery Rev, 2001; 48:139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00112-0

Siva Prasad S, Madhusudhana Rao K, Rama Subba Reddy P, Sivagangi Reddy N, Krishna Rao KSV, Subha MCS. Synthesis and Characterisation of Guar Gum-g-Poly(Acrylamidoglycolic acid) by Redox Initiator. Indian J Adv Chem Sci, 2012; 1:28.

Veerapratap S, Prabhakar MN, Chandrasekhar M, Kumarababu P, Maruthi Y, Subha MCS, Song JL, Chowdoji Rao K, Preparation of Biodegradable Polymeric Blend Microspheres of Soy Protein Isolate/Guar Gum and Release Studies of Tolterodine Drug. Indian J Adv. Chem. Sci., 2015; 3:171-177.

Wang Q, PREllis SB. Ross murphy. Dissolution kinetics of guar gum powders-II. Effects of concentration and molecular weight. J Carbohydrate Polym, 2003; 53(1):75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00009-2