INTRODUCTION
Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Lamiaceae), also known as cat’s whiskers, kumis kucing or misai kucing, is among the most widely used medicinal herbs in Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia and Malaysia (Adnyana et al., 2013; Ameer et al., 2012). In Indonesia, the plant is an important ingredient in the products “Jamu Saintifik” and “Fitofarmaka,” recognized for their efficacy in ameliorating hypertension, arthritis, and urinary stones (Indonesia Ministry of Health, 2019, 2022). Many studies have successfully discovered the bioactive compounds associated with these activities (Ashraf et al., 2018; Sarshar et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2020), namely, a variety of derivatives of phenolic acid and flavonoids (Akowuah et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2019). An example is sinensetin, a polymethoxyflavone most responsible for the biological activity of O. stamineus not only as an antihypertensive but also as an anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, vasorelaxant, and antioxidant agent (Han Jie et al., 2021; Mohamed et al., 2012; Samidurai et al., 2020; Yam et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2022).
Orthosiphon stamineus can grow well in different phytogeographical profiles. On the one hand, this characteristic is beneficial because it facilitates the provision of raw materials for traditional medicines for public use and industrial purposes in different localities. However, on the other hand, the possibility of variations in material quality can pose a disadvantage to standardized production. It accounts for the fact that the plant’s chemical constituents are sensitive to geographical origins, soil conditions, climate, harvesting process, and postharvest treatments, among others (Bensoussan et al., 2015). Therefore, because phytogeographical configurations affect the compound’s concentration, standardization of O. stamineus crude drugs is necessary so as to ensure uniformity of raw materials across various locations.
Herbs can be analyzed for their pharmaceutical quality through many approaches, including chemical markers and compound fingerprints. Several fingerprint-based techniques have been applied to unveil variations in O. stamineus grown in different locations, such as combining TLC fingerprinting with chemometrics (Kartini et al., 2020), Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy with canonical variate analysis (Rafi et al., 2015), and a virtual chemical sensor based on fast gas chromatography (Sim et al., 2003). Although these fingerprint-based systems are currently developing as they gain more attention from researchers, the conventional technique using chemical markers is still widely used by herbal pharmacopeias in many countries, including the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. This is due to the ease of correlation with herbal dosages.
For the above reasons, TLC and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) have been proposed to detect and measure sinensetin as a chemical marker and biological activity indicator of O. stamineus. This is to address the very few reports on divergent sinensetin contents in the plant samples collected from various phytogeographical zones in Indonesia. Moreover, TLC guarantees speed and simplicity, two criteria highly demanded of routine herbal quality analysis and assessment methods in pharmaceutical industries. In addition, TLC is still broadly used to analyze marker compounds in several compendia, such as the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Shen et al., 2020). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of O. stamineus obtained from 14 phytogeographical zones in Indonesia based on the concentrations of the marker compound, sinensetin, using TLC-densitometry. Here, a sample from one location, B2P2TOOT Tawangmangu (hereinafter referred to as the Tawangmangu sample), is used as a reference because the area grows O. stamineus for the “Jamu Saintifik” products (scientific herbal medicine) nationwide. In addition, B2P2TOOT Tawangmangu is also a service-based herbal clinical testing center to produce “Jamu Saintifik” in Indonesia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The chemicals used in this study included a sinensetin standard obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA), precoated TLC Si gel 60 F254 (20 × 20 cm), and several p.a. grade solvents from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).
Orthosiphon stamineus leaves were harvested in July–September 2020 from 14 regions in Indonesia. The first eight leaves from the shoots were picked by hand, washed with running water, drained, and then dried by aeration. Afterward, the dried leaves were ground in a blender and sifted with a 45-mesh sieve. Details of the phytogeographical origins of the samples are shown in Table 1, and all samples have been verified by the Center for Information and Development of Traditional Medicines Pusat Informasi dan Pengembangan Obat Tradisional (PIPOT), the University of Surabaya, with Authentication Certificate No. 1434/D.T/I/2021.
Extract preparation
Approximately 1 g of O. stamineus leaf powder was added with 7 ml of methanol and then extracted using the ultrasound-assisted extraction method for 15 minutes at room temperature. The extract was then separated from the dregs and put into a 10 ml volumetric flask. Extraction was completed by rinsing the dregs with 3 ml of methanol and putting them into the same volumetric flask. The extract volume was then made up to 10.0 ml.
 | Table 1. Phytogeographical details of the O. stamineus production areas observed in the research. [Click here to view] |
Standard solution preparation
Around 1.16 mg of the sinensetin standard was dissolved in sufficient methanol, then transferred to a 10 ml volumetric flask, and added with methanol to 10.0 ml. The mother solution (116 ppm) was then diluted to obtain a working solution with a concentration of 7.25 ppm.
TLC system
The O. stamineus leaf extract and sinensetin standard were spotted on a TLC silica gel 60 F254 plate in a 6 mm bandwidth using a CAMAG 100 μl sample syringe (Hamilton, Switzerland). Automatic spotting was conducted with a Linomat 5 TLC Applicator (CAMAG, Switzerland) in a stream of nitrogen gas. The TLC plate was then developed in a twin-through chamber (CAMAG, Switzerland), which had been saturated with the mobile phase (toluene: ethyl acetate = 5:7 and a drop of formic acid for every 10 ml of that solvent mixture) for 30 minutes. An ascending development was performed with an elution distance of 80 mm. The separation results were then documented under 254 and 366 nm UV light without derivatization reagents and then scanned using TLC Scanner 4 (CAMAG, Switzerland) with a 4 × 0.3 mm slit, data resolution of 1 nm/step, and scanning speed of 100 nm/seconds. The densitogram was then analyzed with the winCATS software.
Validation of the analytical method
Specificity study
Eight microliters of the sinensetin standard and 2 and 4 μL of the O. stamineus extract samples were applied to the TLC plate and then processed conforming to the TLC system designed in the current research. To ascertain the method’s specificity, the characteristics of the sinensetin in the standard and the samples were cross-compared, including Rf values, UV spectrum profiles, and λmax measured with a densitometer. The purity of the samples’ sinensetin band was confirmed by reading the UV spectrum at the beginning, apex, and end of the peak (Spangenberg et al., 2011).
Calculation of linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ)
Linearity measures the ability of an analytical procedure to obtain test results, either directly or by mathematical transformations, that correlate linearly with the amount of analyte in the sample within a particular validated range. To determine the procedure’s linearity, a series of the working solutions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 μl) were spotted on the plate. After the plate development, the area of the sinensetin band was measured by a TLC scanner at the λmax defined in the specificity study. A standard curve was then constructed using linear regression connecting the mass of sinensetin per band (ng/band, x-axis) and the area (y-axis). Linearity was deduced from the correlation coefficient (r) of the formed linear regression equation, y = bx + a. LOD and LOQ were computed using the formulas LOD = 3.3 (SD/) and LOQ = 10 (SD/), with SD representing the standard deviation of intercepts and the mean slope (Patel et al., 2019).
Evaluation of precision
In the intraday precision testing, 6 μl of the O. stamineus extract was spotted repeatedly six times on one plate, while the interday precision spotting was conducted on three different plates on three successive days. Each plate was then analyzed using the TLC-densitometry designed to measure the sinensetin area. Finally, the intraday and interday precision were individually evaluated from the relative standard deviations (%RSD) calculated per plate and from the three plates (Spangenberg et al., 2011).
Evaluation of accuracy
Accuracy represents the proximity between the actual values and the test results of the method being analyzed (theoretical values). Here, accuracy was calculated as a percentage of recoveries using standard addition with multiple solutions. First, multilevel solutions (levels 1–3) were prepared by pipetting three different volumes of the standard sinensetin solutions (i.e., 80, 100, and 120 μl), and each was added with 120, 100, and 80 μl of the sample solutions. Second, to prepare unspiked samples (without the addition of the standard solutions), 120, 100, and 80 μl of the sample solutions were pipetted, and 80, 100, and 120 μl of methanol were added to each. Finally, the multilevel solutions and the unspiked samples were applied to the TLC plate, and this procedure was performed in triplicate. The plates were eluted and then analyzed using a densitometer, and the % recovery was calculated.
Measurement of the sinensetin contents of O. stamineus
Amounts of sinensetin in O. stamineus grown in 14 different phytogeographical zones in Indonesia were determined using a validated TLC system and calculated as mg/g dry weight (of the leaf).
Data analysis
The sinensetin contents, representing the 14 different phytogeographical profiles, were cross-compared using one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Then, a subsequent Tukey test was performed to compare the sinensetin contents of each of the 13 crude drugs against the sample harvested from Tawangmangu (reference sample). The GraphPad Prism Version 5.01 program was used to run these analyses.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Organoleptic properties of the crude drugs
The phytogeographical zones explored in the study are relatively diverse in elevation, that is, from 7 to 1,200 masl. However, the crude drugs obtained from the leaves were organoleptically similar, including the brownish-green color and dry and brittle characteristics (Fig. 1).
Specificity
Plant extracts contain different kinds of compounds with various physicochemical characteristics. Two or more different compounds can have similar or even identical polarity, thus appearing as one band on the TLC plate. For example, O. stamineus leaves contain several polymethoxy flavonoids, among which the most abundant are 3’-hydroxy-5,6,7,4’-tetramethoxy-flavone and sinensetin. These compounds differ in the number and position of the methoxy groups, indicating only slightly different polarity (Hossain and Ismail, 2016).
 | Figure 1. Visual appearances of O. stamineus crude drugs. [Click here to view] |
For these reasons, specificity should be determined to ensure and guarantee that the analytical procedure measures the target compound or that the compound band appearing in the test is the target compound. Specificity was analyzed by comparing the colors and Rf values of the standard and sample bands. In addition, a similarity analysis was also conducted between the UV spectra (200–400 nm) of the standard and the sample to determine specificity.
The TLC chromatograms (Fig. 2) show a band suspected to be sinensetin in the sample bands (tracks b and c). It was a blue fluorescence band under UV light at 366 nm, with a position parallel to the sinensetin standard. Furthermore, the UV spectra of the sinensetin standard and the O. stamineus extract sample (Fig. 3) showed a similar pattern, comprising two peaks, each at maximum wavelengths of 334 and 264 nm. These spectral characteristics are typical of flavonoids in the flavone subclass. In the subsequent analysis, sinensetin in the standard and the extract samples was detected and measured at 334 nm. The selected wavelength corresponds to the one used in a previous study, that is, 338 nm (Arifianti et al., 2014). However, many chose a somewhat different wavelength, 366 nm, for the same purpose (Shehzadi et al., 2018).
Rf values corroborate the similarities shared by the sinensetin standard and samples (Table 2). Densitograms show that both had the same Rf value of 0.31 (Fig. 4). The pure presence of sinensetin in the samples was demonstrated by the values of r (s, m) = 0.992192 and r (m, e) = 0.997264 (> 0.99) (Patel et al., 2019). It confirms that the suspected band is that of sinensetin and is not mixed with other compounds. From these findings, it can be inferred that the TLC method developed in this study has good specificity or is specific to detecting sinensetin levels in O. stamineus.
 | Figure 2. Chromatograms (TLC) of the sinensetin standard (a) and O. stamineus extract samples (b, c) under UV light of 254 nm (A) and 366 nm (B). [Click here to view] |
 | Figure 3. Overlaid UV spectra of the sinensetin standard and the sinensetin samples from O. stamineus leaf extract. [Click here to view] |
 | Table 2. Rf values and peak purity of the sinensetin standard and samples. [Click here to view] |
 | Figure 4. Densitograms (λ = 334 nm) of the sinensetin standard (a) and O. stamineus extract (b). [Click here to view] |
Linearity, the limits of detection and quantification
To determine linearity, the correlation coefficient (r) obtained from the standard curve was observed. The curve was formed using triplicate measurements (n = 3), that is, spotting different volumes of the sinensetin standard (7.25 ppm): 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 μl or equivalent to 14.5–87 ng/band. Based on the TLC-derived chromatogram and 2D densitogram of the standard sinensetin solution (Fig. 5), the linear regression model showed a positive linear correlation between the mass of sinensetin and the fluorescence intensity of the compound band and the peak area (Fig. 6). The r-value obtained from the model was 0.98858, meaning that the linear relationship holds for 14.5 to 87 ng/band of sinensetin for each area (Hashim et al., 2016).
 | Figure 5. TLC-derived chromatogram (A) and 2D densitogram (B) of the sinensetin standard. [Click here to view] |
LOD and LOQ, calculated from the standard curve (n = 3), were 9.03116 ng/band and 27.36717 ng/band. These values were about two times smaller than those identified in a previous study that used High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) to analyze sinensetin and three other compounds in the O. stamineus leaf extract simultaneously, that is, 17.26 and 52.3 ng/spot (Hashim et al., 2016). LOD (and LOQ) indicates the smallest amount of analyte detectable (and quantifiable) by the analytical procedure used with reasonable statistical certainty. HPTLC is different from TLC as it uses a smaller particle size for the stationary phase and, consequently, produces better analytical performance, but HPTLC plates are more pricey than TLC plates (Srivastava, 2010; Zlatkis and Kaiser, 2011). The study results suggested that the developed TLC is sensitive and, thus, sufficient for evaluating sinensetin contents in O. stamineus leaves.
Precision
Precision describes the closeness of agreement between multiple sample replications and the random error in an analytical procedure. Figure 7 shows one of the chromatograms of the six samples spotted on a TLC plate used in the intraday and interday precision testing. Table 3 provides the amounts of sinensetin read from it.
Table 3 indicates that the TLC-densitometry designed for a single sinensetin assay for O. stamineus has good intraday and interday precision, as shown by RSDs of 1.65%–6.47% and 4.97%, respectively. With a different precision test design, the HPTLC-densitometer in a previous study has been found to also have good intraday and interday precision for sinensetin, with RSDs of 3.76%-4.38%. and 3.48%–4.24% (Shehzadi et al., 2018).
 | Figure 6. Linear regression curve of the mass of sinensetin per band versus area. [Click here to view] |
 | Figure 7. Example of TLC-derived chromatograms of the six samples tested in the precision test, detected under 254 nm (A) and 366 nm UV light (B). [Click here to view] |
Accuracy
Accuracy was analyzed using standard addition with multiple solutions (three levels) and unspiked samples (six spots for the TLC). The three levels produced recoveries of 95.86%, 120.18%, and 82.44% (Table 4), which correspond to previous studies that used an HPTLC-densitometer (Akowuah et al., 2006; Shehzadi et al., 2018). Because the recoveries were in the range of 80%–120%, the proposed method is therefore accurate (Riyanto, 2014).
 | Table 3. Sinensetin areas (λ = 334 nm) of six O. stamineus samples measured for the intraday and interday precision testing. [Click here to view] |
 | Table 4. Accuracy test results of the proposed TLC method for sinensetin measurements in O. stamineus. [Click here to view] |
 | Figure 8. TLC-derived chromatograms of the sinensetin standard (std) and O. stamineus samples from 14 phytogeographically diverse sites (1–14) read under 254 nm (A) and 366 nm (B) UV light. [Click here to view] |
 | Table 5. Sinensetin levels of the O. stamineus samples harvested from 14 phytogeographical zones in Indonesia. [Click here to view] |
 | Figure 9. Sinensetin levels in the Tawangmangu sample (7) and 14 O. stamineus samples. [Click here to view] |
Sinensetin levels in O. stamineus from various phytogeographical zones
To determine the sinensetin concentrations, each O. stamineus extract sample was spotted with the appropriate volume on a TLC plate and analyzed using the designed and validated procedure. TLC-derived chromatograms of the 14 samples and their sinensetin measurement results are shown in Figure 8 and Table 5.
Table 5 shows that samples from the Ngawi and Badung areas contained minute sinensetin (below the LOQ). Compared with the other samples, their other metabolites were also extremely low (Fig. 8). On the contrary, the other 12 samples showed varying levels of sinensetin, ranging from 0.0238 to 0.1533 mg/g. One-way ANOVA results revealed a significant difference in the sinensetin levels of the 14 O. stamineus samples (p < 0.0001). Because this study aimed to determine the quality profile of the O. stamineus leaves obtained from various locations with different phytogeographic characteristics, a post hoc Tukey test was performed to statistically compare each sample with the reference sample (from the Tawangmangu area). Based on the analysis results (Fig. 9), the samples can be clustered into three groups. The group containing significantly lower sinensetin than the reference sample was comprised of the Jakarta Selatan, Lamongan, Jombang, and Sampang samples. On the contrary, the one with significantly higher sinensetin concentrations consisted of the Surabaya, Mojokerto, Kediri, and Kotabaru samples. The last group considered the Batu, Gresik, and Madiun samples as having no significantly different sinensetin contents from the reference sample.
The study results proved that the amounts of sinensetin found in O. stamineus are influenced by the plant’s phytogeographical origins. However, further research is required to determine whether or not the location’s elevation and other contributing variables account for such differences. The findings of this study strengthen the data of previous studies which stated that there was a diversity of agronomic characters (accumulated height gain for 8 weeks after planting; number of secondary branches and secondary branch internodes; length, width, and leaf area index; and average dry weight of stems and leaves per 4.41 m2) and the sinensetin content of O. stamineus from ex situ collections from Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, and Jawa Timur (Febjislami et al., 2018). These findings provide scientific evidence that justifies the essence of factoring in geographical conditions in cultivating O. stamineus to obtain standardized harvests with consistent sinensetin contents.
CONCLUSION
The TLC-densitometry designed in the study is straightforward but satisfies the validation parameters; thus, it can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze sinensetin in O. stamineus. In addition, the study discovered that the sinensetin contents of the extracts prepared from O. stamineus vary across the plant’s phytogeographical zones in Indonesia. For future research, it is recommended to utilize the method for other phytogeographical locations in Indonesia and other countries.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was funded by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
Kartini Kartini conceptualized the study; Kartini Kartini and Rizky Eka Putri conducted the experiment; Kartini Kartini, Rizky Eka Putri, and Ryanto Budiono analyzed the results. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
This research was funded by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology with the contract number: 063 /SP-Lit/LPPM-01/KemendikbudRistek/Multi/FF/III/2022.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors report no financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work.
ETHICAL APPROVALS
This study does not involve experiments on animals or human subjects.
DATA AVAILABILITY
All data generated and analyzed are included in this research article.
PUBLISHER’S NOTE
This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation.
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