Effect of abiotic factors on bacoside A content, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst

Varinder Singh; Naman Jain; Richa Shri

doi:10.7324/JAPS.2021.11s107

Abstract References Article Metrics Similar Articles Request Permission Related Search Citation Alert By Google Scholar Comment On This Article

Abstract

Growth of plants and production of phytoconstituents are influenced by abiotic stresses. Understanding these abiotic factors and their subsequent modification during cultivation/growth of medicinal plants may help in increasing the production of valuable secondary metabolites. The present study examined the effect of various abiotic factors and seasons on the growth of Bacopa monnieri, production of the marker compound bacoside A, and antioxidant and acetylcholinestrase inhibitory activities of the plant extract. The plant was cultivated in two different soils, viz A (clay loam soil) and B (sandy loam soil). Different abiotic stresses, i.e., water stress, fertilization, light, and salinity, were applied in two seasons (season 1: July to November and season 2: February to May). Bacoside A content in methanol extracts of the dried aerial parts of plants grown under different stresses was determined using a validated thin layer chromatography (TLC) densitometric method. In vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and Ellman’s method were employed to evaluate the antioxidant and acetylcholinestrase inhibitory activities of different extracts, respectively. Best plant growth was observed in soil A in season 1. Plants grown in season 2 had a significantly higher bacoside A content, better antioxidant, and acetylcholinestrase inhibitory activities than the plants grown in season 1. Among various stresses applied in season 2, plants grown in soil B, especially water stress-effected plants, had the highest bacoside A content, antioxidant, and acetylcholinestrase inhibitory activities. The plant should be cultivated from February to Ma

Keyword: Abiotic stresses acetylcholinesterase inhibition antioxidant activity Bacopa monnieri bacoside A.

Citation:

Singh V, Jain N, Shri R. Effect of abiotic factors on bacoside A content, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2021; 11 (Supp 1):063–070.

Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

HTML Full Text

Reference

Aguiar S, Borowski T. Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. Rejuvenation Res, 2013; 16:313-26. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2013.1431
Ahire ML, Walunj PR, Kishor PB, Nikam TD. Effect of sodium chloride-induced stress on growth, proline, glycine betaine accumulation, antioxidative defence and bacoside A content in in vitro regenerated shoots of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. Acta Physiol Plant, 2013; 35:1943-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1233-x
Ahmed A, Ahmad S, Ur-Rahman M, Tajuddin TE, Verma R, Afzal M, Mehra PS. Quantitative analysis of bacoside A from Bacopa monnieri, collected from different geographic regions of India, by high-performance thin-layer chromatography-densitometry. J Planar Chromatogr, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1556/1006.2015.28.4.4
Albergaria ET, Oliveira AFM, Albuquerque UP. The effect of water deficit stress on the composition of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants. S Afr J Bot, 2020; 131:12-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.02.002
Amiri H, Dousty B, Hosseinzedeh SR. Water stress-induced changes of morphological, physiological and essential oil compounds in Thymus eriocalyx from Iran. J Essent Oil Bear Plants, 2018; 21:1210-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2018.1538817
Azhar N, Hussain B, Ashraf MY, Abbasi KY. Water stress mediated changes in growth, physiology and secondary metabolites of desi ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.). Pak J Bot, 2011; 43:15-9.
Bansal M, Kumar A, Reddy MS. Production of bacoside A, a memory enhancer from hairy root cultures of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants, 2015; 2:92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.05.001
Baruah A, Gogoi PK, Barua IC, Baruah D. Agronomic manipulation in brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) cultivation for higher productivity in Assam plains. J Krishi Vigyan, 2014; 2:11-3.
Bennett RN, Wallsgrove RM. Secondary metabolites in plant defence mechanisms. New Phytol, 1994; 127: 617-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02968.x
Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Ghosal S. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res, 2000; 14:174-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200005)14:3<174::AID-PTR624>3.0.CO;2-O
Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 1958; 181:1199-200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
Board N. Herbs cultivation and their utilization. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc, Delhi, India, pp 358-62, 2003.
Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Delhi, India, p 32, 1956.
Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Featherstone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. ‎Biochem Pharmacol, 1961; 7:88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9
Farnsworth NR. Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. J Pharm Sci, 1966; 55:225-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600550302
Farooqi AA, Sreeramu SS. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India, pp 66-70, 2004.
Ghanbarzadeh Z, Mohsenzadeh S, Rowshan V, Moradshahi A. Evaluation of the growth, essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Dracocephalum moldavica under water deficit stress and symbiosis with Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Micrococcus yunnanensis. Sci Hortic, 2019; 256:108652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108652
Ghershenzon J. Changes in the levels of plant secondary metabolites under water and nutrient stress. In: Timmermann BN, Steelink C, Loewus FA, (eds.). Phytochemical adaptations to stress. Springer, New York, NY, pp 273-320, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1206-2_10
Hernández I, Alegre L, Munné-Bosch S. Enhanced oxidation of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidin accumulation in water-stressed tea plants. Phytochemistry, 2006; 67:1120-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.04.002
Hodaei M, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A, Talebib M. The effect of water stress on phytochemical accumulation, bioactive compounds and expression of key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum morifolium L. Ind Crops Prod, 2018; 120:295-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.073
Hussain AI, Anwar F, Sherazi ST, Przybylski R. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chem, 2008; 108:986-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.010
Jaleel CA, Sankar B, Murali PV, Gomathinayagam M, Lakshmanan GM, Panneerselvam R. Water deficit stress effects on reactive oxygen metabolism in Catharanthus roseus; impacts on ajmalicine accumulation. Colloids Surf B, 2008; 62:105-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.09.026
Jauhari N, Bharadwaj R, Shama N, Bharadvaja N. Assessment of bacoside production, total phenol content and antioxidant potential of elicited and non-elicited shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri (L.) J Environ Sustain, 2019; 2:441-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00071-3
Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany, p. 77, 2007.
Kleinwächter M, Selmar D. New insights explain that drought stress enhances the quality of spice and medicinal plants: potential applications. Agron Sustain Dev, 2015; 35:121-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0260-3
Masoumi H, Darvish F, Daneshian J, Normohammadi G, Habibi D. Effects of water deficit stress on seed yield and antioxidants content in soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars. Afr J Agric Res, 2011; 6:1209-18.
Mathew M, Subramanian S. In vitro screening for anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of ayurvedic medicinal plants used for cognitive disorders. PLoS One, 2014; 9:e86804. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086804
Mathur S, Gupta MM, Kumar S. Expression of growth and bacoside-A in response to seasonal variation in Bacopa monnieri accessions. J Med Aromat Plant Sci, 2000; 22:320-6.
Mathur S, Gupta MM, Ram M, Sharma S, Kumar S. Herb yield and bacoside-A content of field-grown Bacopa monnieri accessions. J Herbs Spices Med Plants, 2002; 9:11-8. https://doi.org/10.1300/J044v09n01_03
Pawar SS, Jadhav MG. Quantification of bacoside a from Bacopa monnieri (L.) by high performance thin layer chromatography. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res, 2015; 7:1060-5.
Phrompittayarat W, Jetiyanon K, Wittaya-areekul S, Putalun W, Tanaka H, Khan I, Ingkaninan K. Influence of seasons, different plant parts, and plant growth stages on saponin quantity and distribution in Bacopa monnieri. Songklanakarin J Sci Techno, 2011; 33:193.
Pinto T, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N. Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Ageing Res Rev, 2011; 10:404-12; doi:10.1016/j. arr.2011.01.003.
Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal Behav, 2011; 6:1720-31. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.11.17613
Ramasamy S, Chin SP, Sukumaran SD, Buckle MJ, Kiew LV, Chung LY. In silico and in vitro analysis of bacoside A aglycones and its derivatives as the constituents responsible for the cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri. PloS One, 2015; 10:e0126565. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126565
Randhawa K, Kumar D, Jamwal A, Kumar S. Screening of antidepressant activity and estimation of quercetin from Coccinia indica using TLC densitometry. Pharm Biol, 2015; 53:1867-74. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2015.1025289
Rejeb IB, Pastor V, Mauch-Mani B. Plant responses to simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress: molecular mechanisms. Plants, 2014; 3(4):458-75. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants3040458
Russo A, Borrelli, F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant an overview. Phytomedicine, 2005; 4:305-18. phymed.2003.12.008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.008
Shanker AK, Venkateswarlu B. Abiotic stress in plants - mechanisms and adaptations. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, p 428, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5772/895
Sharma MU, Khajuria RK, Mallubhotla SH. Annual variation in bacoside content of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst plants. Int J Pharm Bio Sci, 2013; 4:266-71.
Simpson T, Pase M, Stough C. Bacopa monnieri as an antioxidant therapy to reduce oxidative stress in the aging brain. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med, 2015; 615384, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/615384
Singh HK. Brain enhancing ingredients from Äyurvedic medicine: quintessential example of Bacopa monniera, a narrative review. Nutrients, 2013; 5:478-97. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5020478
Singh HK, Rastogi RP, Srimal RC, Dhawan BN. Effect of bacosides A and B on avoidance responses in rats. Phytother Res, 1988; 2:70-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650020205
Singh M, Kaur M, Kukreja H, Chugh R, Silakari O, Singh D. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer therapy: from nerve toxins to neuroprotection. Eur J Med Chem, 2013; 70:165-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.050
Singh V, Krishan P, Singh N, Kumar A, Shri R. Amelioration of ischemia-reperfusion induced functional and biochemical deficit in mice by Ocimum kilimandscharicum leaf extract. Biomed Pharmacother, 2017; 85:556-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.064
Sukumaran NP, Amalraj A, Gopi S. Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst - A review on its mechanistic aspects. Complement Ther Med, 2019; 44:68-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.016
Zhu Z, Liang Z, Han R. Saikosaponin accumulation and antioxidative protection in drought-stressed Bupleurum chinense DC. plants. Environ Exp Bot, 2009; 66:326-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.03.017
Zobayed SM, Afreen F, Kozai T. Phytochemical and physiological changes in the leaves of St. John's wort plants under a water stress condition. Environ Exp Bot, 2007; 59:109-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.10.002

Article Metrics

487 Views 50 Downloads 537 Total

Year

Month

Related Search

By author names

Singh V [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]

Jain N [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]

Shri R [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]

By article title

Aguiar S, Borowski T. Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. Rejuvenation Res, 2013; 16:313-26. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2013.1431

Ahire ML, Walunj PR, Kishor PB, Nikam TD. Effect of sodium chloride-induced stress on growth, proline, glycine betaine accumulation, antioxidative defence and bacoside A content in in vitro regenerated shoots of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. Acta Physiol Plant, 2013; 35:1943-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1233-x

Ahmed A, Ahmad S, Ur-Rahman M, Tajuddin TE, Verma R, Afzal M, Mehra PS. Quantitative analysis of bacoside A from Bacopa monnieri, collected from different geographic regions of India, by high-performance thin-layer chromatography-densitometry. J Planar Chromatogr, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1556/1006.2015.28.4.4

Albergaria ET, Oliveira AFM, Albuquerque UP. The effect of water deficit stress on the composition of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants. S Afr J Bot, 2020; 131:12-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.02.002

Amiri H, Dousty B, Hosseinzedeh SR. Water stress-induced changes of morphological, physiological and essential oil compounds in Thymus eriocalyx from Iran. J Essent Oil Bear Plants, 2018; 21:1210-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2018.1538817

Azhar N, Hussain B, Ashraf MY, Abbasi KY. Water stress mediated changes in growth, physiology and secondary metabolites of desi ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.). Pak J Bot, 2011; 43:15-9.

Bansal M, Kumar A, Reddy MS. Production of bacoside A, a memory enhancer from hairy root cultures of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants, 2015; 2:92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.05.001

Baruah A, Gogoi PK, Barua IC, Baruah D. Agronomic manipulation in brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) cultivation for higher productivity in Assam plains. J Krishi Vigyan, 2014; 2:11-3.

Bennett RN, Wallsgrove RM. Secondary metabolites in plant defence mechanisms. New Phytol, 1994; 127: 617-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02968.x

Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Ghosal S. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res, 2000; 14:174-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200005)14:3<174::AID-PTR624>3.0.CO;2-O

Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 1958; 181:1199-200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0

Board N. Herbs cultivation and their utilization. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc, Delhi, India, pp 358-62, 2003.

Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Delhi, India, p 32, 1956.

Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Featherstone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. ‎Biochem Pharmacol, 1961; 7:88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9

Farnsworth NR. Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. J Pharm Sci, 1966; 55:225-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600550302

Farooqi AA, Sreeramu SS. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India, pp 66-70, 2004.

Ghanbarzadeh Z, Mohsenzadeh S, Rowshan V, Moradshahi A. Evaluation of the growth, essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Dracocephalum moldavica under water deficit stress and symbiosis with Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Micrococcus yunnanensis. Sci Hortic, 2019; 256:108652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108652

Ghershenzon J. Changes in the levels of plant secondary metabolites under water and nutrient stress. In: Timmermann BN, Steelink C, Loewus FA, (eds.). Phytochemical adaptations to stress. Springer, New York, NY, pp 273-320, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1206-2_10

Hernández I, Alegre L, Munné-Bosch S. Enhanced oxidation of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidin accumulation in water-stressed tea plants. Phytochemistry, 2006; 67:1120-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.04.002

Hodaei M, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A, Talebib M. The effect of water stress on phytochemical accumulation, bioactive compounds and expression of key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum morifolium L. Ind Crops Prod, 2018; 120:295-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.073

Hussain AI, Anwar F, Sherazi ST, Przybylski R. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chem, 2008; 108:986-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.010

Jaleel CA, Sankar B, Murali PV, Gomathinayagam M, Lakshmanan GM, Panneerselvam R. Water deficit stress effects on reactive oxygen metabolism in Catharanthus roseus; impacts on ajmalicine accumulation. Colloids Surf B, 2008; 62:105-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.09.026

Jauhari N, Bharadwaj R, Shama N, Bharadvaja N. Assessment of bacoside production, total phenol content and antioxidant potential of elicited and non-elicited shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri (L.) J Environ Sustain, 2019; 2:441-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00071-3

Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany, p. 77, 2007. Kleinwächter M, Selmar D. New insights explain that drought stress enhances the quality of spice and medicinal plants: potential applications. Agron Sustain Dev, 2015; 35:121-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0260-3

Masoumi H, Darvish F, Daneshian J, Normohammadi G, Habibi D. Effects of water deficit stress on seed yield and antioxidants content in soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars. Afr J Agric Res, 2011; 6:1209-18. Mathew M, Subramanian S. In vitro screening for anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of ayurvedic medicinal plants used for cognitive disorders. PLoS One, 2014; 9:e86804. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086804

Mathur S, Gupta MM, Kumar S. Expression of growth and bacoside-A in response to seasonal variation in Bacopa monnieri accessions. J Med Aromat Plant Sci, 2000; 22:320-6.

Mathur S, Gupta MM, Ram M, Sharma S, Kumar S. Herb yield and bacoside-A content of field-grown Bacopa monnieri accessions. J Herbs Spices Med Plants, 2002; 9:11-8. https://doi.org/10.1300/J044v09n01_03

Pawar SS, Jadhav MG. Quantification of bacoside a from Bacopa monnieri (L.) by high performance thin layer chromatography. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res, 2015; 7:1060-5.

Phrompittayarat W, Jetiyanon K, Wittaya-areekul S, Putalun W, Tanaka H, Khan I, Ingkaninan K. Influence of seasons, different plant parts, and plant growth stages on saponin quantity and distribution in Bacopa monnieri. Songklanakarin J Sci Techno, 2011; 33:193.

Pinto T, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N. Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Ageing Res Rev, 2011; 10:404-12; doi:10.1016/j. arr.2011.01.003.

Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal Behav, 2011; 6:1720-31. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.11.17613

Ramasamy S, Chin SP, Sukumaran SD, Buckle MJ, Kiew LV, Chung LY. In silico and in vitro analysis of bacoside A aglycones and its derivatives as the constituents responsible for the cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri. PloS One, 2015; 10:e0126565. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126565

Randhawa K, Kumar D, Jamwal A, Kumar S. Screening of antidepressant activity and estimation of quercetin from Coccinia indica using TLC densitometry. Pharm Biol, 2015; 53:1867-74. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2015.1025289

Rejeb IB, Pastor V, Mauch-Mani B. Plant responses to simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress: molecular mechanisms. Plants, 2014; 3(4):458-75. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants3040458

Russo A, Borrelli, F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant an overview. Phytomedicine, 2005; 4:305-18. phymed.2003.12.008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.008

Shanker AK, Venkateswarlu B. Abiotic stress in plants - mechanisms and adaptations. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, p 428, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5772/895

Sharma MU, Khajuria RK, Mallubhotla SH. Annual variation in bacoside content of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst plants. Int J Pharm Bio Sci, 2013; 4:266-71.

Simpson T, Pase M, Stough C. Bacopa monnieri as an antioxidant therapy to reduce oxidative stress in the aging brain. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med, 2015; 615384, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/615384

Singh HK. Brain enhancing ingredients from Äyurvedic medicine: quintessential example of Bacopa monniera, a narrative review. Nutrients, 2013; 5:478-97. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5020478

Singh HK, Rastogi RP, Srimal RC, Dhawan BN. Effect of bacosides A and B on avoidance responses in rats. Phytother Res, 1988; 2:70-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650020205

Singh M, Kaur M, Kukreja H, Chugh R, Silakari O, Singh D. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer therapy: from nerve toxins to neuroprotection. Eur J Med Chem, 2013; 70:165-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.050 Singh V, Krishan P, Singh N, Kumar A, Shri R. Amelioration of ischemia-reperfusion induced functional and biochemical deficit in mice by Ocimum kilimandscharicum leaf extract. Biomed Pharmacother, 2017; 85:556-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.064

Sukumaran NP, Amalraj A, Gopi S. Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst - A review on its mechanistic aspects. Complement Ther Med, 2019; 44:68-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.016

Zhu Z, Liang Z, Han R. Saikosaponin accumulation and antioxidative protection in drought-stressed Bupleurum chinense DC. plants. Environ Exp Bot, 2009; 66:326-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.03.017

Zobayed SM, Afreen F, Kozai T. Phytochemical and physiological changes in the leaves of St. John's wort plants under a water stress condition. Environ Exp Bot, 2007; 59:109-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.10.002