The microencapsulation of mangosteen peel extract with maltodextrin from arenga starch: formulation and characterization

INTRODUCTION

The mangosteen peel extract has the most abundant secondary metabolites compared to other parts of the mangosteen plant, and there are more than 50 types of xanthone contained in each mangosteen rind (Obolskiy et al., 2009). The xanthone content found in the mangosteen fruit plays a role in maintaining various body biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-tumor, anti-hypertensive, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant (Gutierrez-Orozco and Failla, 2013). Xanthone compounds, as well as other anti-oxidant sources, have characteristics that are sensitive, unstable, reactive, and easily oxidized (Boots et al., 2008). Therefore, an encapsulation method is needed that can protect important compounds in the mangosteen rind so that it can last long and can still be utilized by the body properly (Semyonov et al., 2010).

The encapsulation method is one of the most widely used techniques to protect bioactive compounds from various environmental factors such as evaporation, oxidation, temperature degradation (Kausadikar et al., 2015), moisture, and light; hence, it can extend the shelf life of the product and avoid damage (Pourashouri et al., 2014). The process of forming encapsulation methods on the scale of microparticles proved to be more effective and efficient, especially in the use of drug doses and the reaction speed in reaching the target cell. One other consideration: encapsulation in the size of a microparticle can produce much higher biological values (Ningsih et al., 2017).

Microencapsulation is defined as an essential material packaging technology (core) on the 1–800 μm particle scale range, where the core material is protected by matrix material (carrier) to protect the bioactive properties of these important materials both during storage, distribution and application (Adamiec and Modrzejewska, 2004; Kausadikar et al., 2015). Besides needing to pay attention to the protection aspect, the encapsulation method also needs to consider the mechanism to control the release of the core material and cover all unwanted properties of the core material so as not to damage the product (Dubey et al., 2009). The main key to the success of microencapsulation is the selection of coating material because it has an important role in maintaining the stability of microcapsule products. Various types of coatings have been widely used both from polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids (Akdeniz et al., 2017; McNamee et al., 1998) such as gum arabic, stearic acid, gelatin, and maltodextrin (Akhavan et al., 2017; Desai and Park, 2005).

Each coating material has specific physicochemical properties so that it has different structures and characteristics. Coating material must be able to provide a cohesive thin layer with the core material, should mix chemically, but should not react with the core (inert), and should have the properties that are suitable for coating purposes. The number of coatings used can range from 1% to 70% and is generally used 3%–30% with a coating wall thickness of 0.1–60 micrometers (Istiyani, 2008). Maltodextrin is widely used as a coating material (Robert et al., 2010) because it has a high level of solubility in water, low viscosity, low sugar content, and colorless (Akhavan et al., 2017). These properties make maltodextrin very suitable to be used as a coating material on herbal extracts such as mangosteen peel (Akdeniz et al., 2017; Sheu and Rosenberg, 1995).

In addition, maltodextrin has excellent properties as a coating material and is proven safe and non-toxic (Ningsih et al., 2017) and the most important is easy to get and the price is affordable. Maltodextrin is an enzymatic and/or acidic hydrolysis product of starch, which consists of a-(1.4) linked D-glucose and/or related polymers, which is usually defined as dextrose equivalent (DE) <20. Maltodextrin can be made from various types of starch sources, but the ones that have been widely used are sourced from cassava (Lambri et al., 2014), corn (Larson et al., 2016), potato (Pycia et al., 2018), and can also be sourced from rice starch (Soe and Than, 2011).

Arenga starch has high potential to be used as raw material for the manufacturing of maltodextrin because the starch content is quite high, reaching 26%–37% in the stem, while the arenga juice ranges from 0.25 to 0.5 g/g pith (Manatar et al., 2012). Arenga plant (Arenga pinnata M.) is a plantation crop that is very potential to be developed because it has spread to almost all regions of Indonesia with 14 provinces, which are the centers of arenga sugar development (Effendi, 2010). In addition to the source of coating material, the ratio of the core material to the coating material also determines the characteristics of the microcapsule product that will be produced such as particle size (Akdeniz et al., 2017), particle morphology (Amin et al., 2018), encapsulation efficiency (Akhavan et al., 2017), and microcapsule stability (Mehrad et al., 2015). Therefore, the object of this study aims to examine the formulation of the ratio of the core material with its coating material to the characteristics of the microencapsulation product of mangosteen peel extract with maltodextrin from arenga starch.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Methods

Microencapsulation of mangosteen peel extract

Mangosteen peel was extracted using the maceration method by 96% ethanol solvent for 24 hours (Kusmayadi et al., 2018). Then, maltodextrin was prepared by weighing arenga starch (15% w/v), dissolving with distilled water, and setting the pH using HCl or NaOH. After that, add CaCl₂.2H₂O as much as 40 ppm and the alpha-amylase enzyme according to the desired concentration. Stirring is carried out at a temperature of 87°C (to minimize the process of clumping soluble substances in solution) with a rotating speed of 3,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The resulting maltodextrin solution was deactivated by adding 0.5N HCl to pH ± 4. The mangosteen peel extract and maltodextrin, which had been made in microparticle size, were then formulated on various balances of mangosteen peel extract: maltodextrin as follows: 70:30, 60:40 50:50, 40:60, and 30:70 (%). Each formulation was then homogenized for 15 minutes with a homogenizer and then hydrated for 18 hours at 4°C. After being homogenized again for 1 minute, the formulation was spray dried using a spray dryer at a feed rate of 15 ml/minute with an inlet temperature of 170°C and a pressure of 1 atm. Furthermore, the microcapsule product was tested for its characterization, including particle size, zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and microcapsule stability.

Particle size test and zeta potential microcapsules

The particle size and zeta potential microcapsules were calculated by dripping the sample on the test equipment. The particle size of the microcapsule product was calculated using a PSA “Beckman Coulter LS 13 320,” while the zeta potential value was calculated using the zeta potential analyzer “Beckman Coulter Delsa TM Nano Common Version 2.31/2.03.”

Microcapsule morphology testing

Morphology of microcapsules was tested using scanning electron microscopy “JEOL: JSM–6360 LA.” Each sample was observed by storing it on a copper grid and then coated carbon with an auto carbon coated tool (Joel JEC-560 produced in Japan) for 5 seconds. Then, the copper grid is inserted into the holder and the sample is ready to be analyzed with a voltage of 120 kV and magnification of 40,000 × (adjusted to the sample conditions).

Microcapsule encapsulation efficiency testing

The encapsulation efficiency of microcapsule was calculated by measuring free α-mangostin (Cf) compared to total α-mangostin (Cd). Each microcapsule sample of mangosteen peel extract was taken as much as 10 ml and then put into a separate funnel. Then, added with 10 ml of distilled water, shaken several times, then added 10 ml of ethyl acetate, then shaken and separated the ethyl acetate phase. The filtrate was separated to be measured for its absorption at the wavelength (λ) 319 nm (maximum scanning results λ) and then included in the standard curve—it will be known the levels of free α-mangostin (Cf). Similarly, the total α-mangostins content from mangosteen peel extract. Each treatment is repeated five times, and then entrapment efficiency (EE) is calculated by the formula (Widyanati et al., 2014).

EE (%) = ( Cd − Cf ) Cd × 100 % (1)

Microcapsule stability testing

The stability of microencapsulation of mangosteen peel extract-maltodextrin was measured by taking 10 ml of each sample, then inserting it into Erlenmeyer flask and adding artificial intestine fluid (Table 1) until it reached a volume of 100 ml, then shaken using a thermostatic water bath shaking device “JULABO SW” until it reached a temperature of 41°C. The stirrer is run with a stirring speed of 50 rpm for 4 hours. The sampling of 3 ml samples was carried out at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours with five replications. A sample of each sample is put into a test tube and then added 3 ml ethyl acetate, then shaken and separated from the ethyl acetate phase. α-mangostin, which is released from the microparticle formulation and entered into ethyl acetate, is measured its absorption at a wavelength of 319 nm and incorporated into the standard curve formula of α-mangostin. Thus, the levels of α-mangostin free (Cf) and total levels of α-mangostin from mangosteen peel extract (Cd) will be known. Microcapsule stability is calculated using the formula below:

Stabilities (%) = ( Cd − Cf ) Cd × 1 0 0 % (2)

Table 1. The composition of AIF pH 7. [Click here to view]

Data analysis

The results of microencapsulation characterization mangosteen peel extract– maltodextrin from each formulation were tabulated and analyzed using the analysis of variance method with SPSS 21.0. If there is a significant difference, continue with the DMRT method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Particle size

The results of the particle size characterization of the microcapsule products research results are presented in Table 2. The particle size as presented in Table 2 shows that the formulation of mangosteen peel extract-maltodextrin was highly significant (p < 0.01) on microcapsule particle size. The balance of mangosteen peel extract as the core material and maltodextrin as coating material affects the microcapsule particle size produced. The percentage of maltodextrin used is higher indicating larger particle size and vice versa. The results of the study in Table 2 show that the particle size produced in this study ranges from 0.2 to 0.8 μm. These results are in accordance with the microparticle size category according to Chandler et al. (2011) where an object can be said to be micro-sized when in the range of 0.1–1.0 μm. The particle size on this scale is very good because it has the characteristics of a small microcapsule product that is suitable for the initial purpose of making microencapsulation (Hermanto et al., 2016).

Furthermore, other studies (Akdeniz et al., 2017; Hogan et al., 2001) state that particle size is strongly influenced by the ratio of core material to the coating material. The results of the study (Table 2) show that the more the use of coating materials, the greater the particle size produced. MP₁ produces the smallest particle size (0.236 ± 0.034 μm), while MP₅ produces the largest particle size (0.831 ± 0.122 μm). The results of this study are in accordance with the research of Akdeniz et al. (2017) who reported that the ratio of core material to coating material at level 1:20 resulted in a smaller size than the ratio of 1:10. This is because the 1:10 ratio uses more coating material to produce a solution that is very thick and ultimately affects the particle size it produces.

The results of this study are also in accordance with the research of Handayani et al. (2018) who reported that the ratio of dragon fruit extract to maltodextrin greatly affected particle size. The 1:3 ratio has a particle diameter of 0.494–0.770 μm, while the 1:5 ratio has a particle diameter of 0.460–0.611 μm. These results indicate that the more the maltodextrins used, the greater the particle size. The particle size plays a role in regulating the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of microcapsules so that they are more effective and efficient in reaching the target cells. By changing the size as small as possible, changing the conformation and microcapsule load also has a good effect on the mechanism of action of the product and the nature of microcapsules in the biological environment (Khan et al., 2005). The use of maltodextrin as a coating material has a good role in producing thin and elastic film formation properties, the ability to bind the taste and fat of the product, as well as reducing oxygen permeability of the wall matrix (Sansone et al., 2011).

Table 2. The particle size of the microcapsules product. [Click here to view]

Zeta potential

The zeta potential value of the microcapsules product of the research results is presented in Table 3. Statistical data in Table 3 show that the microcapsules of mangosteen peel extract – maltodextrin significantly affects the zeta potential value (p < 0.01). The zeta potential value is influenced by the percentage ratio of mangosteen peel extract–maltodextrin, in which more addition of maltodextrin gives higher zeta potential value. There was an increase in the zeta potential value which was very sharp in the treatment of MP₁ and MP₂ (<1 mV) compared to MP₃–MP₅ (>50 mV). This shows that the level of microcapsule stability in MP₃–MP₅ treatment is higher than MP₁ and MP₂. These results are consistent with the study of Beck-Broichsitter et al. (2011) who state that high and low zeta potential values (both positive and negative) are stability parameters in microcapsule systems. The higher the zeta potential value, the more the stable the microcapsules produced and vice versa. This is consistent with the opinion of Griffiths et al. (2011) who reported that the zeta potential value in the range of −30 mV and + 30 mV has very good stability. The zeta potential value with a charge above ±30 mV provides good stability, while a ±20 mV load has short-term stability and in the range of –5 mV to +5 mV shows fast aggregation properties (Honary and Zahir, 2013).

Zeta potential is one indicator of the stability of microparticle suspension, which is determined by the amount of electrostatic interaction between particles. The zeta potential load on microcapsule products as the particle size has an impact on the regulation of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetic properties. The right zeta potential load value can increase the drug release profile and improve product stability in various dosage forms (Honary and Zahir, 2013). High-zeta potential values are useful for minimizing drug delivery aggregation and other pharmaceutical applications (Griffiths et al., 2011). Meanwhile, the low zeta potential charge value allows the particles to pull together and flocculation occurs because of the attraction between Van Der Waal particles. A very positive or negative zeta potential value will cause a greater repulsive force, while repulsion between particles with the same electrical charge will prevent the occurrence of aggregation between particles (Honary and Zahir, 2013; Patil et al., 2007). This is consistent with other studies which state that the higher the zeta potential value, the greater the electrostatic repulsion between the particles produced and can minimize aggregation or flocculation (Kedar et al., 2010).

Table 3. The zeta potential of the microcapsules product. [Click here to view]

The results of the research in Table 3 have zeta potentials, which are all positively charged. This has several advantages as reported by Honary and Zahir (2013) who stated that positively charged microcapsules have advantages in targeted drug delivery systems because the body cell surface is negatively charged. This is because a potential positive zeta can cause stronger electrostatic interactions with mucus or a negatively charged mucosal surface. In addition, the drug delivery system is generally mucoadhesive so that the surface of the positively charged microcapsules can support adhesion to mucosal cells that are negatively charged (Makhlof et al., 2011).

Morphology

The morphological characteristics of microcapsules show a larger particle size and a tendency for smaller particles to agglomerate. One way to prevent agglomeration is to increase the percentage of coating material (Amin et al., 2018). This is confirmed by the previous study (Cakrawati et al., 2017) that morphological characteristics of limonin microcapsules using maltodextrin are strongly influenced by the ratio of limonin extract to maltodextrin, where the 1:20 ratio shows a more uniform shape than the 1:10 ratio. The morphology of the resulting microcapsules looks like matrix type microcapsules because the protected bioactive compounds in the material coating matrix are maltodextrin. The morphological characteristics of matrix-shaped microcapsules indicate that the microencapsulation process works well. The use of maltodextrin as a low molecular weight coating material can act as a good film coating and plays a role in preventing shrinkage on the surface of microcapsules. Other studies report that maltodextrin is a coating material that produces the best morphology because it has the ability to encapsulate better core material (Amin et al., 2018).

Figure 1. Scanning electron microscope result. [Click here to view]

The morphology of the particles produced in this study (Fig. 1) looks like an irregular shape or dents. This will adversely affect the activity of microcapsule flow in the cell even though it does not affect its stability (Amin et al., 2018; Finotelli and Rocha-leão, 2005). The outer surface of the microcapsules that looks dented is caused by the shrinkage of particles from droplets during drying and cooling (Amin et al., 2018; Rosenberg et al., 1990). The product characteristics of sprayed microcapsules have morphology such as irregular shapes such as circular shapes, jagged surfaces, cracks, and hollows. The imperfections of microcapsules form occur due to the delay of the film formation process during the drying of droplets of atomized samples (Alves et al., 2017).

Encapsulation efficiency

The value of encapsulation efficiency of microcapsules products of the research results is presented in Table 5. Encapsulation efficiency values illustrate the ability to encapsulate coating materials on core materials and determine the integrity and porosity of the microcapsule products they produce (Amin et al., 2018; Rosenberg et al., 1990). In addition, encapsulation efficiency has a positive correlation in preventing lipid oxidation and loss of volatile compounds and plays an important role in extending product shelf life (Desai and Park, 2005; Mehrad et al., 2015). Furthermore, Akhavan et al. (2017) report that encapsulation efficiency is strongly influenced by the type of coating material used and the ratio between the core material and the coating material. This is in accordance with the opinion of Jafari et al. (2008) and Mehrad et al. (2015) who report that the main factors that can influence the efficiency of encapsulation are the type of coating material, the nature of the core material (concentration and volatility), emulsion characteristics produced (total solids, viscosity, and droplet size), and conditions during the drying process. In addition, Hogan et al. (2001) and Akhavan et al. (2017) reported that the ratio of the core material and encapsulates have a very large impact on the characteristics of microencapsulation products, especially the efficiency of encapsulation.

Table 4. The encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules product. [Click here to view]

The results of the study presented in Table 5 show that microcapsule formulation significantly affected entrapment efficiency (p < 0.05). The ratio of the core material and coating material greatly determines the value of encapsulation efficiency. These results are in accordance with the study of Handayani et al. (2018) who reported that the coating ratio had a significant effect on encapsulation efficiency where the ratio of dragon fruit extract to maltodextrin at level 1:10 had a lower EE value (81.32%) than ratio 1:20 which reached 83.5%. It can be concluded that reducing maltodextrin levels can reduce the efficiency of microcapsule product encapsulation efficiency (Handayani et al., 2018). Other studies (Akhavan et al., 2017) reported that a ratio of 1:4 (25%) showed the highest efficiency value of anthocyanin encapsulation and increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to a ratio of 12.35% and 50%. These results are consistent with a previous study that a 25% ratio is the optimal level in the effective and efficient core material encapsulation process. This shows that a 25% ratio has better emulsion stability than other ratios both below and above 25% (Akhavan et al., 2017; Shu et al., 2006).

Other studies (Akdeniz et al., 2017; Cilek et al., 2012; Turasan et al., 2015) report that a 1:10 ratio shows that coating material is insufficient in perfectly covering the core material compared to 1:20 ratio. However, the encapsulation efficiency value of 1:20 is lower than the 1:10 ratio. Increased coating material ratio will reduce the encapsulation efficiency value. Furthermore, Barbosa et al. (2005) and Carneiro et al. (2013) state that the more stable the emulsion of the coating material is used, the higher the encapsulation efficiency value and the more efficient the material to be used. The low encapsulation efficiency value is caused by encapsulation material which is insufficient in producing a strong structural matrix and a protective layer.

One of the disadvantages of maltodextrin is that it has a low emulsifying capacity (Carneiro et al., 2013). Therefore, the percentage value of encapsulation efficiency is in the medium range. Other studies using maltodextrin combined with Arabic gum provide better value for encapsulation efficiency and product stability than using maltodextrin alone (Akhavan et al., 2017). Likewise with studies (Burin et al., 2011) which examined wine anthocyanin encapsulation and roselle encapsulation, Idham et al. (2012) reported that a combination of maltodextrin and gum Arabic had encapsulation efficiency values which are better because it produces a better structure than maltodextrin alone (Akhavan et al., 2017). However, other studies report that the use of maltodextrin alone without a combination with other ingredients produces the best EE value compared to those combined (Akdeniz et al., 2017).

Table 5. The stability of the microcapsules product. [Click here to view]

CONCLUSION

The maltodextrin from arenga starch had a good impact on the characteristics of microcapsule products and was in accordance with commercial maltodextrin. The formulation of the level balance of mangosteen peel extract as a core material and maltodextrin as coating material had a significant impact on the characteristics of the microcapsule products produced. The use of mangosteen peel extract and maltodextrin at a balanced level (50%:50%) had a proportional characterization result in which particle size, zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and microcapsule stability which was quite good compared to other treatments. Therefore, the formulation of mangosteen peel extract and maltodextrin at 50%:50% level is recommended to be used as an optimal formula as a functional food.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their gratitude to Endowment Fund for Education, Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP), Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

There are no conflicts of interest.

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