Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of unripe Musa paradisiaca products on hypercholesterolemia-induced rats

Tayo Alex Adekiya; Sidiqat Abike Shodehinde; Raphael Taiwo Aruleba

doi:10.7324/JAPS.2018.81012

Abstract References Article Metrics Similar Articles Request Permission Related Search Citation Alert By Google Scholar Comment On This Article

Abstract

Hypercholesterolemia is a metabolic disorder caused by an increase in the concentrations level of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. It has been implicated as a primary risk factor related to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease, ischemic heart disease or cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction. Musa paradisiaca (M. paradisiaca) is a remarkable medicinal plant. Its potential in the management of diabetes mellitus as well as in nephropathy and myocardial infarction in animal models has been reported. This present study aimed at examining the effects of unripe plantain (M. paradisiaca) products (elastic pastry and roasted plantain) commonly known as amala and boli, respectively, in Nigeria on hypercholesterolemia-induced rats. The anti-hypercholesterolemic activity of these products was studied in 1% cholesterol-induced rats. Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into six groups and fed for 21 days with different plantain-supplemented diets. The hypercholesterolemic potential of the products was evaluated by measuring biochemical parameters, such as plasma lipid peroxidation (LPO), plasma lipid profiles, and plasma liver biomarkers. Results revealed that the inclusion of “amala” and “boli” in hypercholesterolemic rat diets not only significantly decreased the high levels of plasma LPO, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and plasma liver biomarkers but also increased the activities of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the plasma of treated animals as compared with the control. This study, therefore, suggests that unripe plantain products amala and boli confer protective effects against various biochemical changes in experimentally-induced hypercholesterolemic animal models.

Keyword: Amala boli hypercholesterolemia liver biomarkers Musa paradisiaca.

Citation:

Adekiya TA, Shodehinde SA, Aruleba RT. Antihypercholesterolemic effect of unripe Musa paradisiaca products on hypercholesterolemia-induced rats. J App Pharm Sci, 2018; 8(10): 090-097.

Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

HTML Full Text

Reference

Adamson SS, Ganiyu O. Aqueous extracts from unripe plantain (Musa paradisiacal) products inhibit key enzymes linked with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in vitro. Jordan J Biol Sci, 2012; 5:239–46.
Ajiboye BO, Oloyede HO, Salawu MO. Antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic activity of Musa paradisiaca-based diet in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Sci Nutr, 2018; 6(1):137–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.538
Akubor PI, Ukwuru MU. Functional properties and biscuit making potential of soybean and cassava flour blends. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 2003; 58(3):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QUAL.0000041154.09382.d8
Alabi AS, Omotoso GO, Tagoe CNB, Akinola OB, Enaibe BU. Effects of unripe Musa Paradisiaca on the histochemistry of the testis and testosterone levels in adult albino rats. Niger J Physiol Sci, 2017; 32(1):105–8.
Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CS, Richmond W, Fu PC. CHOD-PAP method for determination of total cholesterol. Clin Chem, 1974; 20:470–5.
Amic D, Davidovic-Amic D, Beslo D, Trinajstic N. Structure-radical scavenging activity relationship of flavonoids. Croatica Chemica Acta, 2003; 76:55–61.
Arun KB, Thomas S, Reshmitha TR, Akhil GC, Nisha P. Dietary fibre and phenolic-rich extracts from Musa paradisiaca inflorescence ameliorates type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular risks. J Funct Foods, 2017; 31:198–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.001
Barter PJ, Rye KA. Molecular mechanism of reverse cholesterol transport. Curr Opin Lipidol, 1996; 7:82–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-199604000-00006
Bhatnagar D, Soran H, Durrington PN. Hypercholesterolaemia and itsmanagement. BMJ, 2008; 337:a993. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a993
Borch D, Juul-Hindsgaul N, Veller M, Astrup A, Jaskolowski J, Raben A. Potatoes and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review of clinical intervention and observational studies, 2. Am J Clin Nutr, 2016; 104(2):489–98. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.132332
Colpo A. LDL cholesterol: bad cholesterol, or bad science? J Am Phys Surg, 2005; 10(3):83–9.
Cox DA, Cohen ML. Effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on vascular contraction and relaxation: clinical and pharmacological implications in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Rev, 1996; 48:3–19.
DGKC. Recommendations of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur KlinischeChemie (German Society for Clinical Chemistry). Optimized standard colorimetric method for the determination of Alkaline phosphatase. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 1972; 10:82.
Endo A. The discovery and development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. J Lipid Res, 1992; 33:1569–82.
Finn AV, Nakano M, Narula J, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Concept of vulnerable/unstable plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2010; 30(7):1282–92. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179739
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem, 1972; 18:499–502.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004; 44(3):720–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.001
Ibisi NE, Asoluka CA. Use of agro-waste (Musa paradisiaca peels) as a sustainable biosorbent for toxic metal ions removal from contaminated water. Chem Int, 2018; 4(1):52–9.
Iroaganachi C, Eleazu O, Okafor PN, Nwaohu N. Effect of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on blood glucose, body weight and feed intake of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Biochem, 2015; 9:1–6.
James WD, Berger TG. Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 530–2, 2006.
Jang JY, Mi HK, Seok HN, Mi YK. Effects of solid state fermented rice on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in high cholesterol fed rats. J Med Food, 2007; 10(4):608–14. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.227
Kim KR, Jang MJ, Choi SW, Woo MH, Choi JH. Consumption of water extract of enzyme-treated S. herbacea powder showed hypocholestrolemic effect in rat fed high cholesterol diet. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 2006; 35:55–60. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.1.055
Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2003; 326(7404):1423. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1423
Lee SM, Park NS, Jin BR, Kang HS, Jung JH, Park EJ. Effects of Paecilomyce stenuipes cultivated in egg yolk on lipid metabolism in rats on high fat-cholesterol diet. J Med Food, 2006; 9:214–22. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.214
Lewis DA, Fields WN, Shaw GP. A natural flavonoid present in unripe plantain banana pulp (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) protects the gastric mucosa from aspirin-induced erosions. J Ethnopharmacol, 1999; 65:283–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00005-7
Liu RH. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr, 2004; 134:3479S–85S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.12.3479S
Lopes-Virella MF, Stone P, Ellis S, Colwell JA. Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods. Clin Chem, 1977; 23:882–4.
Medhat D, El-Bana MA, Ashour MN, Badawy E, Diab Y, Hussein J. New approaches in protecting against atherosclerosis in experimental model of postmenopause. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2017; 7(11):90–6.
Mu F, Rich-Edwards J, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Forman JP, Missmer SA. Association between endometriosis and hypercholesterolemia or hypertension. Hypertension, 2017; HYPERTENSIONAHA-117.
Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. Harper's biochemistry. 26th edition, McGraw-Hil, New York, p 987, 2003.
Nelson LD, Cox MM. Lehninger principles of biochemistry; Protein function. 5th edition, Freeman W.H. and Company, New York, pp 355, 836–45, 2008.
Nwozo SO, Kasumu TF, Oyinloye BE. African Nutmeg (Monodora myristica) lowers cholesterol and modulates lipid peroxidation in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic male Wistar rats. Int J Biomed Sci, 2015a; 11(2):86.
Nwozo SO, Kasumu TF, Oyinloye BE. Eugenia caryophyllus extract exerts hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects in high-cholesterol-fed rats. Avicenna J Med Biochem, 2015b; 3(2):e30147.
Oboh G, Bello FO, Ademosun AO, Akinyemi AJ, Adewuni TM. Antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and anti-angiotensin-1-converting enzyme properties of lemon (Citrus limon) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juices. Comp Clin Path, 2015; 24(6):1395–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-015-2088-x
Oboh G, Puntel RL, Rocha JT. Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, Tepin and Capsicum chinense, Habanero) prevents Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in brain: in vitro. Food Chem, 2007; 102:178–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.048
Oboh G. Effect of blanching on the antioxidant property of some tropical green leafy vegetables. LWT-Food Sci Technol, 2005; 38:513–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2004.07.007
Oboh HA, Erema VG. Glycemic indices of processed unripe plantain (Musa paradisiacal) meals. Afr J Food Sci, 2010; 4:514–21.
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem, 1979; 95(2):351–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
Ojewole JA, Adewumi CO. Hypoglycemic effects of methanolic extract of Musa paradisiacal green fruits in normal and diabetic mice. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 2003; 25:453–6. https://doi.org/10.1358/mf.2003.25.6.769651
Oyesile OO. Comparative studies on cooking banana and plantain products. A M.Sc. Doctoral dissertation, thesis of the Department of Food Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1987.
Pratt DS, Kaplan MM. Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. New Eng J Med, 2000; 342:1266–71. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004273421707
Randy CP, Angela KK, Jeff D, Scot CN. Banana and plantain—an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars. Traditional Tree Initiative, 2007.
Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL. Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, pp 1728–30, 2007.
Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol, 1957; 28(1):56–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
Revadigar V, Al-Mansoub MA, Asif M, Hamdan MR, Majid AMSA, Asmawi MZ, et al. Anti-oxidative and cytotoxic attributes of phenolic rich ethanol extract of Musa balbisiana Colla inflorescence. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2017; 7(5):103–10.
Sandhan S, Thombre N, Aher S. Isolation and evaluation of starch from Musa paradisiaca linn. As a binder in tablet. Int J Pharm Sci Res, 2017;8:3484–91.
Sarma B, Goswami BC. Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of ethanol extract of Musa paradisiaca unripe fruit pulp on normal and alloxan induced diabetic mice. Res J Pharm Technol, 2018; 11(3):1048–52. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00196.8
Schwimmer JB, Pardee PE, Lavine JE, Blumkin AK, Cook S. Cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in pediatricnonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Circulation, 2008; 118:277–83. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739920
Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Missbach B, Stelmach-Mardas M, Boeing H. An umbrella review of nuts intake and risk of cardiovascular disease. Curr Pharm Des, 2017; 23(7):1016–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161010121356
Shields C, Shields J. Eyelid, conjunctival, and orbital tumors: atlas and textbook. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Hagerstown, MD, 2008.
Stein O, Stein Y. Atheroprotective mechanisms of HDL. Atheroscler, 1999; 144(2):285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00065-9
Tietz, NW. Clinical guide to laboratory tests (2nd edn). WB Saunders Company: Philadelphia, USA, pp 554–56, 1990
Vazhacharickal PJ, Mathew JJ, Mohanan R, Mol MRP. Phytochemical profiling of Garcinia gummi-gutta (Malabar tamarind) and in vitro analysis of cholesterol lowering effect. 2017.
Wang YM, Zhang B, Xue Y, Li ZJ, Wang JF, Xue CH, et al. The mechanism of dietary cholesterol effects on lipids metabolism in rats. Lipids Health Dis, 2010; 9(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-9-4
Zhang Z, Ho WK, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Hypocholesterolemic activity of hawthorn fruit is mediated by regulation of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase and acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. Food Res Intl, 2002; 35(9): 885–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(02)00099-6

Article Metrics

877 Views 71 Downloads 948 Total

Year

Month

Related Search

By author names

Adekiya T A [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]

Shodehinde S A [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]

Aruleba R T [PubMed] [Google Scholar ]

By article title

Adamson SS, Ganiyu O. Aqueous extracts from unripe plantain (Musa paradisiacal) products inhibit key enzymes linked with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in vitro. Jordan J Biol Sci, 2012; 5:239–46.

Ajiboye BO, Oloyede HO, Salawu MO. Antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic activity of Musa paradisiaca-based diet in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Sci Nutr, 2018; 6(1):137–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.538

Akubor PI, Ukwuru MU. Functional properties and biscuit making potential of soybean and cassava flour blends. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 2003; 58(3):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QUAL.0000041154.09382.d8

Alabi AS, Omotoso GO, Tagoe CNB, Akinola OB, Enaibe BU. Effects of unripe Musa Paradisiaca on the histochemistry of the testis and testosterone levels in adult albino rats. Niger J Physiol Sci, 2017; 32(1):105–8.

Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CS, Richmond W, Fu PC. CHOD-PAP method for determination of total cholesterol. Clin Chem, 1974; 20:470–5.

Amic D, Davidovic-Amic D, Beslo D, Trinajstic N. Structure-radical scavenging activity relationship of flavonoids. Croatica Chemica Acta, 2003; 76:55–61.

Arun KB, Thomas S, Reshmitha TR, Akhil GC, Nisha P. Dietary fibre and phenolic-rich extracts from Musa paradisiaca inflorescence ameliorates type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular risks. J Funct Foods, 2017; 31:198–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.001

Barter PJ, Rye KA. Molecular mechanism of reverse cholesterol transport. Curr Opin Lipidol, 1996; 7:82–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-199604000-00006

Bhatnagar D, Soran H, Durrington PN. Hypercholesterolaemia and itsmanagement. BMJ, 2008; 337:a993. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a993

Borch D, Juul-Hindsgaul N, Veller M, Astrup A, Jaskolowski J, Raben A. Potatoes and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review of clinical intervention and observational studies, 2. Am J Clin Nutr, 2016; 104(2):489–98. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.132332

Colpo A. LDL cholesterol: bad cholesterol, or bad science? J Am Phys Surg, 2005; 10(3):83–9.

Cox DA, Cohen ML. Effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on vascular contraction and relaxation: clinical and pharmacological implications in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Rev, 1996; 48:3–19.

DGKC. Recommendations of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur KlinischeChemie (German Society for Clinical Chemistry). Optimized standard colorimetric method for the determination of Alkaline phosphatase. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 1972; 10:82.

Endo A. The discovery and development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. J Lipid Res, 1992; 33:1569–82.

Finn AV, Nakano M, Narula J, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Concept of vulnerable/unstable plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2010; 30(7):1282–92. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179739

Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem, 1972; 18:499–502.

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004; 44(3):720–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.001

Ibisi NE, Asoluka CA. Use of agro-waste (Musa paradisiaca peels) as a sustainable biosorbent for toxic metal ions removal from contaminated water. Chem Int, 2018; 4(1):52–9.

Iroaganachi C, Eleazu O, Okafor PN, Nwaohu N. Effect of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on blood glucose, body weight and feed intake of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Biochem, 2015; 9:1–6.

James WD, Berger TG. Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 530–2, 2006.

Jang JY, Mi HK, Seok HN, Mi YK. Effects of solid state fermented rice on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in high cholesterol fed rats. J Med Food, 2007; 10(4):608–14. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.227

Kim KR, Jang MJ, Choi SW, Woo MH, Choi JH. Consumption of water extract of enzyme-treated S. herbacea powder showed hypocholestrolemic effect in rat fed high cholesterol diet. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 2006; 35:55–60. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.1.055

Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2003; 326(7404):1423. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1423

Lee SM, Park NS, Jin BR, Kang HS, Jung JH, Park EJ. Effects of Paecilomyce stenuipes cultivated in egg yolk on lipid metabolism in rats on high fat-cholesterol diet. J Med Food, 2006; 9:214–22. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.214

Lewis DA, Fields WN, Shaw GP. A natural flavonoid present in unripe plantain banana pulp (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) protects the gastric mucosa from aspirin-induced erosions. J Ethnopharmacol, 1999; 65:283–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00005-7

Liu RH. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr, 2004; 134:3479S–85S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.12.3479S

Lopes-Virella MF, Stone P, Ellis S, Colwell JA. Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods. Clin Chem, 1977; 23:882–4.

Medhat D, El-Bana MA, Ashour MN, Badawy E, Diab Y, Hussein J. New approaches in protecting against atherosclerosis in experimental model of postmenopause. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2017; 7(11):90–6.

Mu F, Rich-Edwards J, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Forman JP, Missmer SA. Association between endometriosis and hypercholesterolemia or hypertension. Hypertension, 2017; HYPERTENSIONAHA-117.

Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. Harper's biochemistry. 26th edition, McGraw-Hil, New York, p 987, 2003.

Nelson LD, Cox MM. Lehninger principles of biochemistry; Protein function. 5th edition, Freeman W.H. and Company, New York, pp 355, 836–45, 2008.

Nwozo SO, Kasumu TF, Oyinloye BE. African Nutmeg (Monodora myristica) lowers cholesterol and modulates lipid peroxidation in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic male Wistar rats. Int J Biomed Sci, 2015a; 11(2):86.

Nwozo SO, Kasumu TF, Oyinloye BE. Eugenia caryophyllus extract exerts hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects in high-cholesterol-fed rats. Avicenna J Med Biochem, 2015b; 3(2):e30147.

Oboh G, Bello FO, Ademosun AO, Akinyemi AJ, Adewuni TM. Antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and anti-angiotensin-1-converting enzyme properties of lemon (Citrus limon) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juices. Comp Clin Path, 2015; 24(6):1395–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-015-2088-x

Oboh G, Puntel RL, Rocha JT. Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, Tepin and Capsicum chinense, Habanero) prevents Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in brain: in vitro. Food Chem, 2007; 102:178–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.048

Oboh G. Effect of blanching on the antioxidant property of some tropical green leafy vegetables. LWT-Food Sci Technol, 2005; 38:513–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2004.07.007

Oboh HA, Erema VG. Glycemic indices of processed unripe plantain (Musa paradisiacal) meals. Afr J Food Sci, 2010; 4:514–21.

Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem, 1979; 95(2):351–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3

Ojewole JA, Adewumi CO. Hypoglycemic effects of methanolic extract of Musa paradisiacal green fruits in normal and diabetic mice. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 2003; 25:453–6. https://doi.org/10.1358/mf.2003.25.6.769651

Oyesile OO. Comparative studies on cooking banana and plantain products. A M.Sc. Doctoral dissertation, thesis of the Department of Food Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1987.

Pratt DS, Kaplan MM. Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. New Eng J Med, 2000; 342:1266–71. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004273421707

Randy CP, Angela KK, Jeff D, Scot CN. Banana and plantain—an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars. Traditional Tree Initiative, 2007.

Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL. Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, pp 1728–30, 2007.

Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol, 1957; 28(1):56–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56

Revadigar V, Al-Mansoub MA, Asif M, Hamdan MR, Majid AMSA, Asmawi MZ, et al. Anti-oxidative and cytotoxic attributes of phenolic rich ethanol extract of Musa balbisiana Colla inflorescence. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2017; 7(5):103–10.

Sandhan S, Thombre N, Aher S. Isolation and evaluation of starch from Musa paradisiaca linn. As a binder in tablet. Int J Pharm Sci Res, 2017;8:3484–91.

Sarma B, Goswami BC. Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of ethanol extract of Musa paradisiaca unripe fruit pulp on normal and alloxan induced diabetic mice. Res J Pharm Technol, 2018; 11(3):1048–52. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00196.8

Schwimmer JB, Pardee PE, Lavine JE, Blumkin AK, Cook S. Cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in pediatricnonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Circulation, 2008; 118:277–83. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739920

Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Missbach B, Stelmach-Mardas M, Boeing H. An umbrella review of nuts intake and risk of cardiovascular disease. Curr Pharm Des, 2017; 23(7):1016–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161010121356

Shields C, Shields J. Eyelid, conjunctival, and orbital tumors: atlas and textbook. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Hagerstown, MD, 2008.

Stein O, Stein Y. Atheroprotective mechanisms of HDL. Atheroscler, 1999; 144(2):285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00065-9

Tietz, NW. Clinical guide to laboratory tests (2nd edn). WB Saunders Company: Philadelphia, USA, pp 554–56, 1990

Vazhacharickal PJ, Mathew JJ, Mohanan R, Mol MRP. Phytochemical profiling of Garcinia gummi-gutta (Malabar tamarind) and in vitro analysis of cholesterol lowering effect. 2017.

Wang YM, Zhang B, Xue Y, Li ZJ, Wang JF, Xue CH, et al. The mechanism of dietary cholesterol effects on lipids metabolism in rats. Lipids Health Dis, 2010; 9(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-9-4

Zhang Z, Ho WK, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Hypocholesterolemic activity of hawthorn fruit is mediated by regulation of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase and acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. Food Res Intl, 2002; 35(9): 885–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(02)00099-6