Authors may use assistive AI tools for language, grammar, formatting, or readability improvement; however, they remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, integrity, and validity of the submitted work. In line with journal requirements, authors should disclose any use of AI at submission, including the tool name and purpose; purely assistive language correction may not require a published AI declaration unless substantive content was generated or altered. Any generative AI use affecting literature review, data analysis, coding, images, figures, references, methods, results, or conclusions must be clearly disclosed in the manuscript.

For further reading, please refer to SAGE’s AI policy: https://www.sagepub.com/journals/publication-ethics-policies/artificial-intelligence-policy

This policy is effective from June 2026 onwards.