Review Article | Volume: 16, Issue: 7, July, 2026

Flavonoid Microparticles from Herbal Extracts: Advances in Formulation, Characterisation and Therapeutic Potential

Liya I. D. Afifah,  Finna Setiawan,  Aditya T. Pradana,  Boonsong Wungsintaweekul,  and Kartini Kartini   

Liya I. D. Afifah1, Finna Setiawan2,3, Aditya T. Pradana4, Boonsong Wungsintaweekul5, and Kartini Kartini3,4

1Master of Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Indonesia.

2Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Indonesia.

3Center of Excellence for Food Products and Health Supplements for Degenerative Conditions, University of Surabaya, Indonesia.

4Department of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Indonesia.

5School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.

Open Access   

Published:  Apr 26, 2026

DOI: 10.1177/22313354261443049
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Abstract

Flavonoids are bioactive plant secondary metabolites with various pharmacological activities. However, their application is limited by poor solubility, low bioavailability and instability under environmental conditions. Microparticle technology has emerged as a promising approach to overcome these limitations by enhancing flavonoid stability, solubility and controlled release. This narrative review summarises recent advances in the formulation and characterisation of herbal-based flavonoid microparticles, highlighting polymer selection, encapsulation techniques (e.g., solvent evaporation, ionotropic gelation, spray drying, freeze drying and spray chilling), physicochemical properties, and biological activities. The review emphasises that microparticle-based delivery systems may enhance flavonoid bioavailability and preserve bioactivity, offering a potential strategy for the development of novel therapeutic agents. These insights provide a comprehensive reference for future research on the pharmaceutical application of flavonoid microparticles.


Keyword:     Bioavailability flavonoid herbal extract microparticle microencapsulation therapeutic potential

Citation:

Afifah LID, Setiawan F, Pradana AT, Wungsintaweekul B, Kartini K. Flavonoid Microparticles from Herbal Extracts: Advances in Formulation, Characterisation and Therapeutic Potential. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2026;16(7):244-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/22313354261443049

Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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